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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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In 1995, scientists completed the sequencing of an entire genome; what was it and what was it called?
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It was the bacterium
Haemophilus influenzae |
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Now the genomes of more than (blank) organisms have been sequenced
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180
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Opens the door for
understanding genetic function and response |
biotechnology
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-Recombinant DNA
-DNA cloning -Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -Gel electrophoresis -Dideoxy chain termination sequencing -Micro/Macroarrays |
These amazing achievements have created a toolbox of techniques in DNA technology
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This is done using
restriction enzymes |
Recombinant DNA
To make clones of a piece of DNA we first have to isolate the gene and insert it into a plasmid |
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Restriction enzymes cleave the DNA at ...
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a specific pattern
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DNA cloning is a useful technique to produce many
copies of a specific gene or ... |
the protein that it codes for
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The DNA is typically inserted into a bacterium on a
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plasmid
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Once various genes have been inserted onto plasmids, the bacteria can be ...
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stored as a
member of a genomic library Viral phages can also be used in this way |
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(blank) are often exchanged
between researchers so the work doesn’t have to be repeated |
plasmids
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From here, each of the
different clones is given its own well in a large plate for storage |
-This is another example of
a genomic library -This setup lends itself to further study of the DNA |
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Once the DNA is spread
out among various clones, you can use a (blank) to identify the gene of interest |
probe
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You have to determine the
nucleotide sequence either from the amino acids in the protein, or using a similar (blank) from another organism |
sequence
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Due to the differences
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the (blank blank), eukaryotic genes are often expressed in a (blank blank) instead |
central dogma
yeast system |
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Amplifying DNA in vitro (not in an organism) can also be
done if you know the beginning and end of the ? the sequence using the |
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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three words
This can make billions of copies in just a few hours |
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It was invented in 1984 by
Kary Mullis ... |
The process of PCR is
intuitive, taking advantage of knowing how DNA is synthesized |
won the Nobel prize, but is shunned by many of the scientists that benefit from his
invention due to his erratic ideas |
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PCR occurs in three
steps |
Extension
Cooling Heating |
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separates the
double stranded DNA |
Heating
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allow the primer to bind to the
strand |
Cooling
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a heat tolerant DNA polymerase extends the copy of DNA from the primer
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Extension
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Once the DNA has been
amplified, it has to be visualized in some way |
The method commonly
used is gel electrophoresis |
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separates out pieces
of DNA based on size in an agarose gel |
gel electrophoresis
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Once a gene is identified, its exact sequence can
be (blank) |
determined
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Currently, sequencing is an automated process
carried out (blank) |
by machines
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Knowing the sequence can allow you to compare
it to: |
-other closely related genes
-the same gene in other organisms -can be used to identify the organism if the sequence is already known |
(3 things)
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Sequencing uses dideoxyribonucleotides that are labeled with (blank)?
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fluorescence
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When a ddnucleotide is inserted, it ends the chain
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You end up with all different sizes of (blank) that are
labeled with color on the ends |
DNA
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They are separated out by size using (blank blank)
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gel electrophoresis
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(size = sequence order)
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Gene expression can also be studied by looking
at ? |
RNA or protein from a particular gene
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(2 things)
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Macro and microarrays are an
amazing tool to test (blank blank) |
gene expression
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Gene therapy
Vaccines Genetic counseling Paternity testing Forensic evidence |
Medical applications
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Transgenic crops
Environmental cleanup |
Agricultural uses
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