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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define biotechnology
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using living organisms to solve problems or create useful projects
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what company is the #1 producer of genetically engineered food?
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monsanto
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in what way has biotechnology helped change agricultural products? (4 things)
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1. Naturally resistant to frost
2. Naturally resistant to bugs, fungus 3. longer shelf life 4. looks better |
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define transgenic
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genes from 2 different organisms AKA chimera
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what does MHC stand for?
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Major histone compatibility
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what gene makes agricultural products resistant to bugs and fungus?
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chiton gene, breaks down chiton which bugs and fungus have as protection
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what is the cyclosporin
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immunodepressing drugs, to keep body from rejecting new organ but suppresses immune system
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what do you need in ur diet for your eyesight? aka go blind
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Vitamin A
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Describe the golden rice situation
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US inserted vitamin A gene into rice, which turned it a golden color instead of white. India rejected free seeds because some thought we were trying to poison them, geez.
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define gene cloning (dumb question)
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making lots of copies of genes
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what are 2 reasons for gene cloning?
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1. make gene copies-library development
2. harvest protein product (ex. human insulin) |
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what are restriction enzymes used for in bacteria?
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use for defense against bacteriophages?
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define exonuclease
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an enzyme that breaks down a nucleic acid by removing nucleotides one by one from the end of a chain
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define endonuclease
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an enzyme that breaks down a nucleic acid by removing nucleotides not at the end, but somewhere in the middle
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define restriction site
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-a specific sequence that the restriction enzyme finds to break open
-3-8 letters long -some make sticky ends some make blunt ends |
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what's pallindromic (english question) and how does it relate to...biology
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can read from both ends, "Wow" "Mom"
restriction sites are pallindromic |
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define cloning vector
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the plasmid that's GONNA GET foreign DNA
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define recombinant plasmid
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plasmid that GETS the foreign DNA
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define genomic library
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mixture of a bunch of different genes
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what hybrid plasmids have been created?
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yeast and bacteria
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define introns
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garbage TACG's
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define extrons
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important? TACG's
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what do nucleases do?
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gobble up introns
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define snurps
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snip and splice bad parts
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what do we have but bacteria do not?
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introns or snurps
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what is the one eukaryote that has plasmids?
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yeast
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what is the operon theory?
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regulation mechanism
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what does the regulatory gene code for?
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active repressor protein
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what does the repressor protein do?
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attaches to the operator, turning off all genes past it
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what is the promoter?
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all genes after the regulatory gene to the end of the operator
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what does the repressor protein block?
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RNA polymerase
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what is the inducer
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pulls the repressor protein off of the operator (the sugar)
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when an inducer and repressor protein are together it makes a ...?
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inactive repressor
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what does PCR stand for?
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polymerase chain reaction
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define competent
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making the recieving cell more receptive to get DNA
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what does agarose gel do?
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separate DNA and some proteins
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what are the 4 things needed for PCR
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-primers (DNA 3' hydroxyl supply)
-target DNA -taq polymerase -nucleotides |
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what are 5 techniques that make bacteria cells more competent?
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1. sometimes a bacteriophage is used as a vector to send DNA into bacteria
2. for eukaryotic cells-electroporation-little zap 3. injection w/ needle 4. for plant cells-shoot w/ gun loaded w/ pellets "shotgun" 5. put cells in salt water |
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what is taq polymerase?
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DNA polymerase from bacteria living in extreme hot springs
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Who invented the PCR machine?
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Kary Mullis
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