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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parameters
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Characteristics of a population
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Statistics
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Characteristics of a sample
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Variables
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Characteristics of the individual unit
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Simple random sampling (SRS)
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Every group of n units has equal chance of being selected
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Random Sampling
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every individual in population has same chance of being chosen for sample. SRS is a special case of random sampling.
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Systematic Sampling
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choose starting point randomly and take every kth individual from population (E.g with random starting point =2 and choosing every 3rd individual).
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Why isnt Systematic sampling random sampling?
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In a random sample, people could be chosen sitting next to each other where as systematic sampling this could never happen.
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Stratified Sampling
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random samples of individuals chosen from each subgroup (STRATA) in populations. (ex, 2 groups (the strata), chosen randomly in each group).
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Cluster Sampling
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population divided into subgroups (clusters, not the same size neccesarily) and all units in randomly chosen clusters are chosen.
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Types of Study Design
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Observational study
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Observational Study
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variables are observed (measured and recorded) without manipulation from the researcher.
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Confounding
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effects of variables are mixed up so there is no way to separate out the effects of interest. Cant separate out the effects of green tea and health because there are other variables such as exercise and diet.
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Randomization
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random assignment of units to treatments.
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Replication
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repetition of experiments for different units within a study (Use a lot of units in the sample)
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Control
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keep other variables constant to investigate effects of the ones of interest (ex. Blocking, blinding, and comparing treatments)
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Data
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Recorded values of variables for all units in the sample
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Qualitative Data
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categories based on non numeric characteristics
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Quantitative
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Numbers, counts or measurments
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Types of Qualitative Data
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Nominal, ordinal
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Types of Quantitative Data
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Interval, Ratio
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Types of Interval, Quantitative Data
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Discrete, Continuous
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Types of Ratio, Quantitative Data
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Discrete, Continuous
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Summerizing Qualitative Data
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Frequency Distribution: Level, frequency, relative frequency
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Summerizing Quantitative Data
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Use Histograms (they dont have spaces between the ranges)
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Measures of Center or location
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Mean, Median
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The ____of n observations is average
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Mean
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