Biostat

Front 1

Compares a group of people With disease to a group without
Asks "what happened

Back 1

Case Control Study

Odds/ Ratio

Front 2

Compares a group with a given risk factor to a group without to assess wheather the risk factor increases the likelihood of disease

Asks what will happen

Back 2

Cohort study
Relative risk

Front 3

What collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease (and related risk factors) at a particular point in time
Asks what is happening

Back 3

Cross-sectional study
Shows disease prevalence

**can show risk factor association with disease but does not establish causality**

Front 4

What phase?
Small number of patients usually healthy volunteers

Back 4

Phase I

Front 5

What phase?
Small number of patients with disease of interest

Back 5

Phase II

Front 6

What phase ?
Large number of patients randomly assigned either to the treatment under investigation or to the best available treatment (placebo)

Back 6

Phase III

Front 7

What?
Pools data from several studies to come to an overall conclusion. Achieves greater statistical power and integrates results of similar studies
**highest echelon of clinical evidence**

Back 7

Meta Analysis

Front 8

Formula for Sensitivity

Back 8

True positives /
True positives + false Negatives

Front 9

Formula for Specificity

Back 9

True Negatives /
True negatives + false positives

Front 10

What is the Positive predictive value

Back 10

TP/ (TP+FALSE POSITIVES)

Front 11

What is the negative predictive value

Back 11

True negative /
False Negative + True Negative

Front 12

What is Point prevalence

Back 12

Total cases in population
Divided by
Total population at risk

Front 13

What is the odds Ratio formula

Back 13

Odds of having disease in exposed group divided by odds of having disease in unexposed group
***Having the disease***

**a/b divided by c/d = ad/bc**

Front 14

What is Relative Risk formula

Back 14

Relative probability of getting a disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group
***getting the disease***

Front 15

Nonrandom assignment to study group is what kind of Bias

Back 15

Selection

Front 16

Knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall by subjects is what kind of Bias

Back 16

Recall

Front 17

Subjects are not representative relative to general population; therefore results are not generalizable is what kind of Bias

Back 17

Sampling bias

Front 18

Information gathered at an inappropriate time is what kind of Bias

Back 18

Late-Look bias

**only patients that are still alive will be able to answer a survey about fatal disease**

Front 19

Subjects in different groups are not treated the same is what kind of Bias

Back 19

Procedure bias

Front 20

Occurs with 2 closely associated factors; the effect of 1 factor distorts or confuses the effect of the other is what kind of Bias

Back 20

Confounding bias

Front 21

Early detection confused with increased survival time ; seen with improved screening is what kind of Bias

Back 21

Lead-time bias

Front 22

Occurs when a researchers belief in the efficacy of treatment changes the outcome of that treatment is what

Back 22

Pygmalion effect

Front 23

Occurs when the group being studied changes its behavior owing to the knowledge of being studied

Back 23

Hawthorne effect

Front 24

Hypothesis of no difference

Back 24

Null

Front 25

Hypothesis that there is some difference

Back 25

Alternative

Front 26

Stating that there IS an effect or difference when none exists P<.05 is what kind of error

Back 26

Type I (alpha)

False positive

stating that there is a difference between 2 oranges when theres not

Front 27

Stating that there IS NOT and effect or difference when one exists

Back 27

Type II error (beta)

Saying there is no difference between an apple and banana when there is
False Negative

Front 28

What do you do if the confidence interval includes 0

Back 28

There is no significant difference and null hypothesis is NOT rejected.

"bottled water and tap water are equally water" = True

Front 29

Medicare is for who

Back 29

Elderly

Front 30

follows the outcome of a group of patients without any control group

Back 30

Case Series

Front 31

looks at two groups, one presently exposed to a risk factor and one presently not exposed, and follows them forward in time for the development of disease

Back 31

Cohort Study

Front 32

study looks at two groups, one with disease and one without, and looks back in time to identify exposures. The data is reported as the odds ratio

Back 32

Case Control

Front 33

study looks at one group of people at one point in time and identifies disease and risk factors for each member.

Back 33

Cross-Sectional

Front 34

What type of prevention is an intervention that decreases disease incidence in healthy individuals. Examples include vaccination, healthy lifestyle, aspirin and antibiotic prophylaxis

Back 34

Primary

Front 35

What type of prevention is used to decrease co-morbidities in people with chronic diseases. Examples include eye, kidney, neurological and foot examinations in diabetic patients and beta-blockers for patients with heart disease.

Back 35

Tertiary prevention

Front 36

What type of prevention uses Screening tests, such as fasting glucose levels and lipid profiles, are done on healthy individuals to detect early disease and provide early intervention if necessary

Back 36

Secondary