Biosphere

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Atmosphere

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The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet. Divided into 4 layers (Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere)

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Biosphere

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Biosphere is a relatively thin layer of Earth that has condition suitable for life. Composed of all living things, physical environment.

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Hydrosphere

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All the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds. (water is 97% saltwater and 3% freshwater)

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Lithosphere

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The outer layer of the Earth, comprising the crust and the upper part of the mantle.

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Thermosphere

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The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere, it is characterized throughout by an increase in temperature with height.

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Stratosphere

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Stratosphere definition, the region of the upper atmosphere extending upward from the tropopause to about 50 km above the earth.

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Climate

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The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.

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Weather

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the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, and rain.

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Altitude

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The height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level.

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Troposphere

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The lowest region of the atmosphere, extending from the earth's surface to a height about 6-10km , which also is the lower boundary of the stratosphere.

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Mesosphere

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The region of the earth's atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere, between about 50 and 80 km in altitude.

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Altitude

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The height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level.

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Inversion

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A reversal of the normal decrease of air temperature with altitude, or of water temperature with depth.

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Ozone

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A colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light.

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Ozone layer

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A layer in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of about 10 km containing a high concentration of ozone, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun.

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Climate change

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Change that occurs in the climate of region over time, usually a minimum 30 years.

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Adaptation

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Any change in the structure or function of an organisim that makes it more suited to its environment.

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Scientific evidence

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Evidence collected in a manner that, as much as possible, ensures it unbiased refelects general situations, rather than particular events, it is usually trained scientists and checked by other scientists.

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Net radiation budget

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The difference between the amount of incoming radiation and outgoing radiation from Earth's surface and atmosphere.

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Solar energy output

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Energy from the sun;generated by a hydrogen-hydrogen nuclear fusion reaction.

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EMR Spectrum

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is the collective term known frequencies and their linked wavelengths.

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Greenhouse gas

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Gases that contribute to the greenhouses effect.

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Angle of inclination

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Angle of Inclination of a Line. The angle between a line and the x-axis. This angle is always between 0° and 180°, and is measured counterclockwise from the part of the x-axis to the right of the line.

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Atmospheric pressure

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the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere

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Conduction

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Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring molecules.

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Coriolis effect

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an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a forcing acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation.

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Current

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a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire

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Jet stream

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a flow of exhaust from a jet engine.

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Convection

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is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it.

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Conduction

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the process by which heat is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material.

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Radiation

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the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles.

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Heat of fusion

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the heat absorbed by a unit mass of a given solid at its melting point that completely converts the solid to a liquid at the same temperature, , equal to the heat of solidification.

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Heat of vaporization

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heat absorbed when a liquid vaporizes, the quantity of heat required at a specified temperature to convert unit mass of liquid into vapour.

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Heat of condensation

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the heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at its boiling point as it condenses to a liquid, equal to the heat of vaporization.

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Heat of Solidification.

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The heat absorbed by one mole of a substance in melting at a constant temperature is the molar heat of fusion. The heat lost when one mole of a liquid solidifies at a constant temp is the molar heat of solidification.

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Hydrologic Cycle

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the sequence of conditions through which water passes from vapor in the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water surfaces and ultimately back into the atmosphere as a result of evaporation and transpiration

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Phase

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Adjust the phase of something, especially so as to synchronize it with something else.

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Quantity of thermal energy

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gained or lost by a sample of any substance to the sample's mass and its resulting temperature change.

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Terrestrial energy output

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pertaining to, consisting of, or representing the earth as distinct from other planets.

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Net radiant energy

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energy that travels by waves or particles, particularly electromagnetic radiation such as heat or x-rays.

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Latitude

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The angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.

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Insolation

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exposure to the sun's rays.the amount of solar radiation reaching a given are.

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Albedo

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he proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon.

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Angle of incidence

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the angle that an incident line or ray makes with a perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.

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Specific heat capacity

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the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount usually one degree.

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Tundra

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a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.

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Rain forest

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a luxuriant, dense forest rich in biodiversity, found typically in tropical areas with consistently heavy rainfall.

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Grassland

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a large open area of country covered with grass, especially one used for grazing.

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Deciduous forest

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forests that are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. These types of forest are found in areas with warm, moist summers and fairly mild winters.

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Taiga

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the sometimes swampy coniferous forest of high northern latitudes, especially that between the tundra and steppes of Siberia and North America.

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Desert

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a dry, barren area of land, especially one covered with sand, that is characteristically desolate, waterless, and without vegetation.

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Biome

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a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g., forest or tundra.

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Closed system

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is a physical system that doesn't exchange any matter with its surroundings, and isn't subject to any force whose source is external to the system.

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Open System

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a material system in which mass or energy can be lost to or gained from the environment.

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Prairie

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a large open area of grassland.

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Climatograph

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is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location.

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Carbon sink

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a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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Carbon source

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refers to any carbon containing molecule, used by an organism for the synthesis of its organic molecules

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Fossil fuel

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a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

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Extrapolation

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the action of estimating or concluding something by assuming that existing trends will continue or a current method will remain applicable

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Enchanhed greenhouse effect

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referred to as climate change or global warming, is the impact on the climate from the additional heat retained due to the increased amounts of carbon dioxide.