Bioscience

Front 1

CELL MEMBRANE

Back 1

External boundary

Regulates entry & exit = selectively permeable

Double phospholipid layer with proteins

Phospholipids arrange themselves to their water loving (hydrophilic end is outwards & their water hating (hydrophilic) end is outwards, creating an oily sphere

Front 2

NUCLEUS

Back 2

Directs cell activities

Contains chromatin = DNA = Genetic material and nucleus

Front 3

RIBOSOMES

Back 3

Small granules of protein & RNA

Found free & attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Follow genetic instructions for protein synthesis

Front 4

ENDOPLASMIC RITICULUM X2

Back 4

ROUGH ER - Branching channels studded with ribosomes. Transport & makes proteins & phospholipids.

SMOOTH ER - Branching channels. Makes & transports lipids. Makes steroid hormones. site of chemical reactions e.g. glycogen - glucose. Detoxifies.

Front 5

GOLGI APPARATUS

Back 5

Modifies & packages proteins for external or internal use. End product leaves in vesicles.

Front 6

MITOCHONDRIA

Back 6

Converts glucose to ATP (energy)

ADP + P = ATP

ADP = Adenosine diphosphate

ATP = Adenosine triphosphate

Front 7

VESICLES:

LYSOSOMES:

CENTRIOLES:

Back 7

VESICLES - Transport bubbles

LYSOSOMES - Contain lysozymes & other digestive enzymes.

CENTRIOLES: 2, used in cell division. Surrounded by a clear area = centrosome.

Front 8

DNA

Back 8

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Double helix twisted together

Made of deoxyribose sugar + a phosphate group + a nitrogen containing base

(These 3 things make up a nucleotide)

Front 9

NITROGEN CONTAING BASES

Back 9

ONE OF:

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

( C pairs with G & A pairs with T)

Front 10

DNA REPLICATION

Back 10

DNA unwinds

Hydrogen bonds break

Bases are exposed

New nucleotides attach to exposed bases

Results in 2 identical strands, each with a new half

Front 11

MITOSIS : PROPHASE

Back 11

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Nucleoli & nuclear envelope break down

Spindle fibres grow from centrioles

Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell

Front 12

MITOSIS : METAPHASE

Back 12

Chromosomes lie along the midline of cell

some fibres attach to kinetochores

Fibres of aster attach to plasma membrane.

Front 13

MITOSIS: ANAPHASE

Back 13

Centromeres divide in two

Spindle fibres pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell

Each pole (future daughter cell) now has identicle set of genes.

Front 14

MITOSIS: TELOPHASE

Back 14

Chromosome gather at each pole of cell

Chromatin condenses

New nuclear envelope appears at each pole

New nucleoli appear in each nucleus

Mitotic spindle vanishes (cytokinesis - cell division)

Front 15

PROTIEN SYTHESIS

Back 15

Making proteins

Proteins begin as long chains of amino acids

Uses RNA

- Ribonucleic acid

- Single strand

- Ribose sugar

- Uracil replaces thymine

Front 16

PROTIEN SYTHESIS: 1ST STEP

- TRANSCRIPTION

Back 16

TRANSCRIPION - Copying they required piece of DNA (the gene), occurs in nucleus

- DNA partly opens

- RNA nucleotides pair with one DNA strand

-RNA nucleotides join to make mRNA (messenger RNA)

- mRNA leaves the nucleus

Front 17

PROTIEN SYTHEIS: 2ND STEP

- TRANSLATION

Back 17

TRANSLATION - Using the copy to make the protein, occurs on the ribosomes

- mRNA attaches to a ribosome

- Ribosomes 'reads' the mRNA

- Bases are read in groups of 3 (3bases = codon)

- Each codon codes for one amino acid

- We use 20 amino acids

- Most have more than one code