Bios Exam 3, Ch 8

Front 1

when did drug addiction become medicalized

Back 1

1850s

Front 2

from 1859-1904, purchase of OTC medicines containing cocaine, opium, and heroin increased to ____

Back 2

74 million

Front 3

Act that said: (i) Prohibited non-medical use of opiates
(ii) Required pharmacists and physicians to register with the Treasury department and keep inventory records
(iii)Retail sellers of narcotics and physicians had to pay an annual $1 tax to federal government
(iv)Patent medicines containing small amounts of substances could continue to be sold
(v) Consequences were a vast increase in the price of heroin (due to need to obtain illegally), unclear effect had on consumption: Note manipulation by failing to make this point

Back 3

Harrison Act of 1914

Front 4

two types of progression in drug use

Back 4

1) Gateway theory 2) time course of drug use across time

Front 5

two criticisms of gateway theory

Back 5

1) most users of marijuana or cocaine or just dabblers and aren't hard-core users
2) marijuana and alcohol are much easier to get, which is why it's one of the first drugs used

Front 6

most addictive drugs according to legal standards

Back 6

1) heroin, LSD, marijuana
2) opium, cocaine, amphetamine
3) valium, xanax
4) nicotine and alcohol aren't included

Front 7

most addictive drugs according to experts: with respect to dependence

Back 7

1) nicotine 2) heroin 3) cocaine 4) alcohol 5) caffeine 6) marijuana

Front 8

most addictive drugs according to experts: with respect to intoxication

Back 8

1) alcohol 2) heroin 3) cocaine 4) marijuana 5) nicotine and caffeine tied

Front 9

the physical dependence model emphasizes ____

Back 9

the withdrawal symptoms associated with drug abstinence

Front 10

according to this model, withdrawal during abstinence could lead to

Back 10

physical dependence model, addiction because people want to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Front 11

according to this model, withdrawal during abstinence could also lead to

Back 11

physical dependence model, learned response, such that even when brain/body has returned to normal, exposure to stimuli induces fictive withdrawal symptoms

Front 12

4 critiques of physical dependence model

Back 12

1) explanation of addiction is comprehensive when diff drugs work in diff ways 2) doesn't explain drugs that don't induce withdrawal symptoms 3) doesn't explain why relapse occurs after withdrawal symptoms have passed 4) a learned response isn't necessarily a physical withdrawal

Front 13

the positive reinforcement model is based on

Back 13

the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs

Front 14

according to this model, if the concentration of the drug is increased, this happens

Back 14

positive reinforcement model, the breaking point increases

Front 15

the breaking point is

Back 15

the point in which the reward is no longer worth the effort

Front 16

problem with mechanism in positive reinforcement model

Back 16

psychological mechanism is expressed as euphoria of drug, which makes a person want to experience drug again, which isn't the case in animals

Front 17

part 1 physiological/neurobiological mechanism in positive reinforcement (humans will self-stimulate specific parts of the brain if given opportunity)

Back 17

recreational drugs reduce the amount of current necessary for the stimulus to be reinforcing

Front 18

part 2 physiological/neurobiological mechanism in positive reinforcement (humans will self-stimulate specific parts of the brain if given opportunity)

Back 18

during withdrawal, we need more current for it to be reinforcing

Front 19

important brain region in physiological/neurobiological mechanism

Back 19

the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens

Front 20

positive reinforcement model: drugs that reduce the amount of current necessary for the stimulus to be reinforcing also increase DA levels in the nucleus accumbens by (2 diff things)

Back 20

1) increasing ventral tegmental neurons or 2) stimulating DA release or inhibiting DA re-uptake

Front 21

PRM: during withdrawal ___ DA is present in the ______

Back 21

less, nucleus accumbens

Front 22

PRM: not all drug reinforcement involves _____ and DA release in the nucleus accumbens does not ______

Back 22

dopamine, produce feelings of pleasure

Front 23

the mesolimbic pathway may contribute to reinforcement of this and this, but it's not

Back 23

alcohol and opiates, required for reinforcement

Front 24

with respect to pleasure, when do dopamine neurons fire (3 things)

Back 24

1) when presented with a novel stimuli 2) when presented with a novel reward 3) after classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus is presented

Front 25

dopamine neurons are involved in judging if

Back 25

a stimulus is novel

Front 26

critiques of positive reinforcement model (3 things)

Back 26

1) drug users have greater craving after many doses yet pleasure decreases as tolerance develops 2) pleasure of drug overcomes long-term negative consequences 3) difficulty in explaining why only some people become addicted

Front 27

this approach to drug addiction drug liking and drug wanting/craving

Back 27

incentive-sensitization

Front 28

part of the brain responsible for drug liking does this with repeated use and the part responsible for drug wanting does this with repeated use

Back 28

1) remains constant or desensitizes 2) increases or sensitizes

Front 29

this system can be sensitized by repeated administration and could play a role in this aspect of drugs

Back 29

mesolimbic system, craving aspect

Front 30

the opponent process model states that

Back 30

mood/behavior brought on by initial stimulus elicits the opposite mood/behavior later on that lasts longer

Front 31

the incentive-sensitization model is better for explaining _____ and the opponent-process model is better for explaining ______

Back 31

drug craving, dysphoria during withdrawal and abstinence

Front 32

two types of the disease model

Back 32

1) addicts have a genetic susceptibility to drug use 2) repeated use of the drug induces changes in brain chemistry that results in out of control drug use

Front 33

treatment approaches for two types of the disease model

Back 33

1) genetic-user must strive for total abstinence 2) history-user must become sober until brain chemistry goes back to normal and then can resume drug use in controlled fashion

Front 34

disease/treatment approach is only used for

Back 34

nicotine and alcohol

Front 35

critiques of disease model (3)

Back 35

1) no lab tests that can clearly show this model's effect 2) no clear line in distinguishing the well and the sick 3) drug behavior has many contributing causes so you can't conclude that there is only one reason for drug addiction

Front 36

3 types of factors are involved in experimental substance abuse

Back 36

1) Proximal 2) Distal 3) Ultimate

Front 37

direct influence on decision to experiment. can occur by (3)

Back 37

proximal, 1) peer pressure 2) belief that benefits outweigh risk 3) belief one can control one's substance abuse

Front 38

less direct influence on decision to experiment. can occur by (3)

Back 38

distal 1) peers over family 2) social alienation/rebelliousness 3) low self-esteem, poor social/coping skills, depression, stress, anxiety

Front 39

not directly involved decision to experiment. can occur by (3)

Back 39

1) lack of correct parenting 2) bad environment 3) genetic susceptibility

Front 40

drug related factors involved in development and maintenance of compulsive substance use (5)

Back 40

1) positive reinforcement 2) discriminative subjective effects (getting high) 3) stimuli conditioning 4) aversive effects (feeling of drugs better at moment than long-term consequences) 5) only reinforcing when self-administered

Front 41

risk factors involved in development and maintenance of compulsive substance use (4)

Back 41

1) stress promotes drug use/relapse 2) psychological/personality 3) familial and sociocultural 4) altering of genes

Front 42

trait of psych/pers factors: people with high impulsivity, antisociality, aggressiveness, and low levels of restraint

Back 42

behavioral disinhibition

Front 43

trait of psych/pers factors: people with too much stress use alcohol, people who are depressed use psychostimulants

Back 43

stress modification

Front 44

trait of psych/pers factors: people who are sensation seeking, extraverts

Back 44

reward sensitivity

Front 45

protective factors involved in development and maintenance of compulsive substance use (2)

Back 45

1) not having any risk factors 2) once dependent: treatment, natural recovery, creating new life away from drugs