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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Detritovores
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eat dead things, recycle nutrients in the community (type of fungi)
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absorption, exoenzymes
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fungi exodigest, release exoenzymes into environment
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decomposers
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fungi that eat dead things, flies also decompose
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symbionts
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fungi that have a mutualistic association that benefits both species
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lichens
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fungi: cyanobacteria, green algae photosynthesis
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mycelia
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fungus tissue
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hypha
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mats of subterranian structure
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septa
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reproductive unit, where spores are (the underside of the mushroom)
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chitin
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animal-like proteins, hetertrophs
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parasitic fungi (hyphae)
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attack nematodes (ring worms!)
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plasmogamy-karyogamy-meiosis-germainaition
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make cycle (n,2n), sexual/asexual stages
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germination of spores
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seeds
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yeast
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unicellular; fungus used to make beer, wine, bread; ferments
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are most fungi
uni or mulitcellular? |
multicellular
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Phlyogenetics
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1) Chrytrids (loss off flagella) - oldest
2) Zygomycota 3) Ascomycota 4) Basidiomycota (mushrooms) |
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Fairy ring
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mushrooms (fungus) surround decomposing tree and form a ring
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Lichens (symbiosis; succession)
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fungus interacts with either cyanobacteria or green algae; succession opens avenues for invasion of other organisms
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Mycorrhizae
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association of fungi with plants
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Agriculture, medicine
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penicillin attacks bacteria
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T/F Some fungi have flagella
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TRUE!
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T/F THe karyogamous stage of fungi is haploid
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FALSE!! (it is diploid)
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What organism does Meffert work with?
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Housefly
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Animals
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multicellular, heterotrophic (can't photosynthesize), eukaryotes (nucleus), no cell walls (only plants)
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Animals have nervous and muscle tissue
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protists have behavior, but no nervous system
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Development:
Cleavage, blastula, gastrula |
Zygote: egg + sperm, cleavage: bifercating into numberous cells
Blastula: Ball of cells Gastrula: formulate complex tissue structure |
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Lavae, metemorphosis
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holometabolis development - flies, maggot, pupil-adult
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Phylogenetics: parazoans
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porifera-early animals, no real structure
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radiata
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circular body structure
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bilateria
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fluctuating asymmetery; dorsal-top, ventral-bottom, anterior-head, posterior-back
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evolution of body cavities:
acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates |
sac within a sac;
acoelomates-without pseudocoelomates-not quite coelomates-tube within a tube |
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Trochophores
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ciliate structures
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Ecdysis
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molting exoskeleton must molt off in order to get bigger: holo-laval-pupal-adult
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T/F Roundworms are coelomates
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FALSE! pseudocoelomates
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Which of the following is a deuterostome?
A)Human B)Starfish C)Insect D) A and B E) All of the above |
D) Human and starfish
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In which geological era did the animals undergo extensive radiation?
Precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic or cenozoic |
Cenozoic
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Invertebrates: Parazoa: porifera
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sponges have random body structure
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Spongocoel
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early, basic
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Osculum
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flow of water, collecting nutrients
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Choanocytes
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feeding cells
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Radiata
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gastrovascular cavity: gut
polyps: coral Medusa: jellifish Nematocytes: Stinging cells Comb Jellies: Thimble shaped |
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In corals/jellyfish mouth and anus ______
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are the same
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Acoelomates
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have ganglia (brain)
eyespots pharynx (gut) nerve chords (nervous structure) ie flatworms, planarians |
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Nematoda (c. elegans) (a pseudocoelomate)
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roundworms are thoroughly studies; there are rovers and sitters
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Coelomates: Mollusks
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mollusks (have a foot)
visceral mass is the body muscle; radula is the mouth |
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Other mollusks
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gastropoda (snails)
bivalvia (clams, scallops) cephalapodia (octopus) |
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Coelomates include
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Mollusca, Annelida (earthworms), Arthropods: trilobites, chelicerates(spiders), uniramians (insects), crustaceans
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Insects
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coleoptra - beetles 500,000 species
hymenoptera-bees, wasps isoptera-termines orthoptera-roaches |
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T/F Roundworms are coelomates
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FALSE!
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Which of the following is a deuterostome?
A Human B Starfish C Insect D A & B E All of the above |
D-both human and starfish
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Which of the following belongs to the most speciose order of insects?
House fly Ladybird beetle Moth Stink bug Dragonfly |
Ladybird beetle!
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Through evolution, wings turned into
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halteres (gyroscope devices)
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Ectoderm
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Develops into skin
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Mesoderm
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develops into muscle
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endoderm
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develops into gut
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invagination
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changing blastula to gastrula
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humans most likely evolved from
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protiss, not fungus
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blastocoel
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inside of blastula
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fluctuating assymetry
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the right side is different from the left; more asymmetry means more genetically sick; female pick the most symmetric
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acoelomate
pseudocoelomate coelomate |
acoelomate-planaria
pseudocoelomate-roundworm coelomate-earthworm |
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what do we have in common with earthworms?
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pumping vessels (heart)
ganglion (brain, nervous tissue) crop (digestion) circulation (veins and arteries) neurobiology |
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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early development reflects evolutionary history
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coelocanth
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lobe-finned fish-gave ability to evolve to terrestrial being; mostly extinct, not quite; benthic-lives low in water
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parental care (terrestrial/marine)
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terrestrial-female cares for young
marine-male cares for young |
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where you are born is important
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amphibians return to water, while reptiles adapted to xeric (dry) environments
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egg
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structure, resistance to dessication, nutrient absorption
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philotherm
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cold blooded
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homoetherm
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warm blooded
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mitochondrial eve
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Africa, DNA cellular structure, female inheritence
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Definition of chordate's notochord
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major nerve vessel
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Definitionof chordate's nerve chord
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muscle segments under notochord
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Pharyngeal slits
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gills, covered by bone
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somites
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slits we lose during development
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vertebrate's
Neural crest, cephalization, vertebral column, closed circulatory system |
Nerual crest-neural ganglion
cephalization-brain vertebral column-protect neurla ganglia |
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Evolutionary overview
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Hagfish (no proper jaw), (exinct jawed fishes), sharks and rays (softbone, cartilaginous endoskeleton), bony fishes, amphibia, reptilia, birds, mammals
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Swim blatter
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orientation in water
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Osteichthyes
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bony skeleton, operculum, swim bladder,
ray-/lobe-finned/coelocanth are early ancestors of terrestrial organisms |
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Tetrabods: urodeles (salamanders)
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wet, moisture for development
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Anurans (frogs)
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wet environment for development
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extra-embryonic membranes
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chorion, shell, yolk, nutrient
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turtles/tortoises
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water/xeric
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aves: birds
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be light to adapt for flight, aerodynamics: bats, flies, squirrels are analagous
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Therapsids
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monotremes (platypus): lays eggs, mammal
marsupials (kangaroos): don't lay eggs, but don't have full placental development |
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Placental mammals
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monogamy: both parents nurture the young
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the vertebrates?
A Pharyngeal slits B Postnatal tail C Pseudocoelomate body structure D Answers A and B E All of the above |
D-Both pharyngeal slits and postnatal
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T/F Sharks and rays are bony fish
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FALSE
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Which of the following is better adapted to xeric environments?
A Toad/Frog B Tortoise/Turtle C Salamander/Lizard |
Toad (not frog)
Tortoise (not turtle) Lizard (not salamander) |
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T/F Marsupials are placental mammals
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FALSE
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Animals: exchange with the environment
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oxygen exchange: lungs,
diaphragm: contraction/expansion of the lungs |
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Epithilial tissues:
glandular, mucous, simplified, stratified |
Glandular: secretory
Mucous: moisture Simplified: single Stratified: cuboidal, columnar, squamous |
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Connective tissue
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collagenous fibers, elastic fibers (resilience), reticular fibers (structure)
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macrophages
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immune cells
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muscle tissue
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smooth or striated, connective tissue
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nervous tissue
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transmits information, sensory
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digestive
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absorption of nutrients
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circulatory
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moves blood
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respiratory
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moves oxygen
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immune and lymphatic
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kills enemy organs
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endocrine
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hormones
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muscular
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holds the bone together
involuntary: gut (smooth) voluntary: pumping iron (striated) |
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energy budgets
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behavioral ecology: optimize energy spent for energy received
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homeostasis
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control; even level of energy expended/received
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regulators/conformers
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regulators: warm-blooded, regulate own body temp and metabolic rate
conformers: dependent on environment |
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gut
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villi-invaginations to increase surface area for optimal absorbtion, cell turnover very fast (in brain, very slow)
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endotherms/ectotherms
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endotherms: us
ectotherms: insects, lizards |
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modes of heat exchange
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radiation: butterflies
evaporation: sweat convection/conduction: contact |
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vasodialaion/vasconsiction
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vein increase/decrease
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torpor/hibernation
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short term/long term shut down of metabolic processes
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T/F nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm
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FALSE (mesoderm)
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what is an endotherm?
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a warm blooded animal (us)
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explain what is Lamarckian about heat-shock proteins
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if an animal is in heat shock, it can mutate a beneficial allele
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Bulk feeders
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snake eating big stuff
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essential amino acid
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tryptophan
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fatty acids
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omega 3 (salmon)
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vitamins
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fat soluble, water soluble
can overdose on ADEK |
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intracellular digestion/ extracellular
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intra-cell
extra-gut |
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paristalis
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natural motion of smooth muscle, pushing through food valves in the gut
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sphincter
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cardiac (closes to heart, prevents vomiting)
pyloric (controls food into intestine) |
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pancreas
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endocrine function
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liver
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purifying food
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gallbladder
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breaking up fats, bile fats
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epiglottis
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keeps food from going down the trachea, lungs
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esophogous
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where food should go
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stomach
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start processing food with gastric juices
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pepsin
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breaks up proteins
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small intestine
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absorbs those smaller components of food
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cecum
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harbors bacteria for digesting cellulose (bigger in herbivore)
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duodenum
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small inestine
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small intestine/large intestine
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nutrients that have been broken down by the stomach/takes out wastes and creates feces
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basidomycooeths
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mushrooms we eat
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are snakes substrate feeders?
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no, bulk feeders
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what type of feeders are whales?
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suspension
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which is the most speciose
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coleoptra (beetles)
not diptera (flies) |
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holometabolism
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complete metomorphosis, pupil & larvae, adults and juveniles don't compete in same environment
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hemimetabolism
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juveniles look like small adults and compete in the same environment
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what type of body structure does sponges, cnidarians, and us have?
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sponges: amorphous
cnidarian: radial us: bilateral |
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periodontal disease
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gum infection, can spread to body
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can tell what you eat by dentition and eyes
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herbivore: eyes on sides, no canines
carnivore: eyes in front, canines omnivore: eyes in front, short canines |
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Difference between hermaphrodite and parthenogenesis
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hermaphrodite has both gametes (eggs and sperm) and parthenogenesis is where female can reproduce without a mate, but it's bad b/c of muller's ratchet
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marsupial/monotremes/us
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marsupial-not placental
monotremes-lay eggs us-placental |
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archioptrics
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intermediate between reptile and bird; has claws, long tail, and teeth (know 1)
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ectoderm
mesoderm endoderm |
ecto: skin, epithilium, nervous tissue
meso-muscle gut-endo |
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what are deep fried pork skins
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ectoderm
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digestive system
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bile dissolves fagt
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pepsin dissolves ______
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proteins
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saliva dissolves ________
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carbs
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duadenum is part of _______
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small intestine
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oviperous
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egg-laying
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frogs
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amphibians, need to mate in water
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notochord
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bone structure that protects nerve cord
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when we became chordates, we gained ________
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notochord
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acoelomate
pseudocoelomate coelomate |
a-planaria
pseudo-round coe-earth |
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in coelomate, must the brain be in one place?
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no, can be in more than one place
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spiders
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arthropods, not insects because not head,thorax,abdomen; not 6 legs
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what is scabies
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parasitic mite (arthropod, not insect) and itches like hell
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ticks
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arthropods, has exoskeleton
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4 wings-->2 wings-->wingless
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wingless (termites/ants)
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we are exo/endotherms
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endotherms-create our own heat
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why do herbivores have more mileage in digestive tract?
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b/c harder to digest cellulose
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diff in chondrichthyes and oseteichthyes
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chond have cartilaginous skeleton/no proper bone, sharks/rays
oste have bony skeleton; |
