Bio...reproduction

Front 1

karyokinesis

Back 1

division of the nucleus during mitosis and meiosis

Front 2

During interphase...

Back 2

1.the DNA is uncoiled (chromatin)
2.each chromosome is replicated during this period, chromosomes are not yet visible.
3. Once DNA is replicated, sister chromatids form, held together at the centromere.

Front 3

chromatin is...

Back 3

uncoiled DNA

Front 4

cytokinesis

Back 4

cell division

Front 5

During prophase..

Back 5

1.chromosomes condense 2.centriole pairs separate toward opposite poles
3.spindle apparatus forms 4.nuclear membrane dissolves

Front 6

Metaphase

Back 6

1.centriole pairs are at opposite poles.
2.Fibers of the spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at the centromere.
3.Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate.

Front 7

Anaphase

Back 7

Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers (made of microtubules).

Front 8

Telophase

Back 8

Spindle apparatus disappears.
Nuclear membrane reforms.
Each nucleus now contains 2N, diploid number of chromosomes. Chromosomes uncoil.

Front 9

Cytokinesis

Back 9

Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells, each with a nucleus and own set of organelles.
Cleavage furrow in animal cells.
Cell plate in plant cells.

Front 10

While animal cells have centrosomes and centrioles, plant cells have

Back 10

the microtubule organizing center to help synthesize the spindle apparatus.

Front 11

Meiosis

Back 11

production of sex cells, haploid cells, from diploid cells.

Front 12

Asexual Reproduction

Back 12

when the offspring is genetically identical to the parent cells. i.e., fission, budding, regeneration, parthenogenesis.

Front 13

fission

Back 13

new plasma membrane forms at midline of cell, dividing into two cells with equal amount of cytoplasm.

Front 14

budding

Back 14

smaller cell formed from pinching off. replication of the nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis.

Front 15

regeneration

Back 15

regrowth of lost or injured body part, replacement of cell which occurs through mitosis. (starfish)

Front 16

parthenogenesis

Back 16

development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organims. (can be artificial when electrically stimulated)

Front 17

All plants exhibit this kind of sexual reproduction.

Back 17

alternation of generations. sporophyte (diploid) makes spores (haploid), which develop into gametophytes (haploid), which make gametes which fertilize and grow to become sporophytes (diploid).

Front 18

During vegatative propagation, this kind of tissue provides a source of cells for the new plant.

Back 18

meristems, undifferentiated tissues in plants.

Front 19

examples of natural vegetative propagation.

Back 19

bulbs, tubers, runners, rhizomes

Front 20

artificial vegetative propagation requires...

Back 20

1. cut piece of stem, the scion
2. stock, a closely related rooted stem
3. cambium tissue of both scion and stock to be in contact
4. in layering, a bent stem covered in soil can take root.

Front 21

Prophase I

Back 21

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Homologous sister chromatids synapse (synapsis) and intertwine, forming tetrads.

Front 22

Metaphase I

Back 22

Tetrads align at the equatorial plane and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber at the kinetochore.

Front 23

Anaphase I

Back 23

Homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles (disjunction); maternal and paternal chromosomes separate. Each daughter cell ends up with a random assortment of paternal and maternal homologous sister chromatids.

Front 24

Telophase I

Back 24

A nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus. Chromosomes are still sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

Front 25

Second meiotic division

Back 25

Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II, Cytokinesis. new cells have a haploid number of chromosomes. In females, only one of these cells becomes a functional gamete.

Front 26

Sexual Reproduction

Back 26

produces a genetically unique offspring. occurs by fusion of two gametes.

Front 27

organs in which gametes are produced

Back 27

gonads, testes (spermatogenesis) and ovaries (oogenesis).

Front 28

hermaphrodites have..

Back 28

both female and male reproductive organs.

Front 29

spermatogenesis

Back 29

sperm production which occurs in the seminiferous tubules. diploid spermatogonia undergo meiosis to produce four gametes. each consists of a flagellum, mitochondria in the neck, and nucleus containing the paternal genome.

Front 30

oogenesis

Back 30

one primary female sex cell (diploid) undergoes meiosis to produce a single mature ovum and a polar body, which quickly degenerates.

Front 31

pathway of sperm

Back 31

seminiferous tubules
epididymis
vans deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
penis

Front 32

urethra is the common _______
and ________ passageway

Back 32

excretory and reproductive systems.

Front 33

Testes are the site of

Back 33

testosterone production, which regulates secondary male characteristics (voice change, facial hair)

Front 34

Ovaries are found in

Back 34

abdominal cavity below the digestive system

Front 35

ovaries consist of

Back 35

thousands of follicles, multi-layered sacs each containing and nourishing one immature ovum.

Front 36

follicle cells produce

Back 36

estrogen

Front 37

mature ovum pathway

Back 37

released from the follicle in the ovary through the fallopian tubes in the oviduct and to the uterus (muscular chamber) and cervix (lower, narrow part of the uterus), then vaginal canal, (site of fertilization and site from which baby is expelled).

Front 38

ovaries are sites of

Back 38

oogenesis

Front 39

menstrual cycle (four phases)

Back 39

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, and menstruation

Front 40

estrogens and progesterone

Back 40

female sex hormones (steroid). estrogens secreted by follicle cells and corpus luteum. progesterone secreted by corpus luteum. Both steroid hormones are regulated by LH, FSH and GnRH.

Front 41

FSH

Back 41

follicle stimulating hormone

Front 42

follicular phase (1)

Back 42

1. cessation of the previous menstruation
2. FSH promotes development of the follicle, grows and secretes estrogen

Front 43

ovulation (2)

Back 43

midway through the cycle, while LH and FSH are peaking, a mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum. Ovulation is caused by a peak in LH (uteinizing hormone), which is preceded by a surge in estrogen levels

Front 44

luteal phase(3)

Back 44

LH induces ruptured follicle to develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone causes the glands of the endometrium to mature and produce secretions to prepare for the implantation of the embryo.

Front 45

what is essential for the maintenance of the endometrium

Back 45

progesterone and estrogen.

Front 46

menstruation (4)

Back 46

if the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum atrophies (progesterone and estrogen levels drop), giving rise to the menstrual flow from the endometrium sloughing off.

Front 47

if fertilization occurs, the developing placenta produces

Back 47

hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin, which maintains the corpus luteum

Front 48

Haploid gametophytes produce gametes by

Back 48

mitosis

Front 49

gametophytes reproduce _____ while sporophytes reproduce ________.

Back 49

sexually, asexually. gametophyte gametes fertilize

Front 50

the dominant generation is ____ in

-mosses
-ferns
-angiosperms (flowering plants)

Back 50

gametophyte; sporophyte; sporophyte

Front 51

flower

Back 51

reproductive organ of angiosperms

Front 52

stamens

Back 52

male reproductive organ of flower; consists of a anther (terminal sac) and filament. anther produces haploid spores which develop into pollen grains.

Front 53

pistils

Back 53

female reproductive organ of flower; composed of the stigma(sticky top), style(tube), and ovary, containing the monoploid egg nucleus.

Front 54

pollen grain

Back 54

male gametophyte of angiosperm plants

Front 55

female gametophyte

Back 55

ovule that develops from one of four spores.

Front 56

during angiosperm fertilization

Back 56

one sperm nucleus and one egg nucleus makes a zygote which develops into an embryo. One sperm nucleus and two polar nuclei for a 3N endosperm which nourishes the embryo. All of these compose the seed.

Front 57

Parts of Seeds:
epicotyl
cotyledon
hypocotyl

Back 57

Precursor of upper stem and leaves.
Seed leaves.
Develops into lower stem and root.

Front 58

endosperm
seed coat

Back 58

feeds the embryo.
develops from the ovule covering.

Front 59

fruits are

Back 59

made from ovary walls and other pistil components. serves as a means of seed dispersal

Front 60

seeds...

Back 60

are fused gametophyte gametes with an endosperm and a seed coat. after dispersed, they may germinate with appropriate temperature, humidity and oxygen conditions.