Biopsycology/research Methods Test

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I Methods of studying Brain Structure and function

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Lesion studies

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Patients or animals with brain damage

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X-rays

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crude; two dimensional structural information

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Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT),

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three dimensional structural information

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET),

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provides function information

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI),

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structural and functional information

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Electroencephalogram (EEG),

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provides electrical functioning information

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II. Anatomy of a nerve cell

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Cell body,

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contains nucleus

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Dendrites,

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receive information from other neurons; contain receptor sites

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Axon,

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used for axonal transmission; has myelin and nodes of Ranvier

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Myelin sheath,

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insulation; speeds conduction

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Nodes of Ranvier,

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places where sodium rushes in; action potential “jumps” along these

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Terminal Endings (buttons),

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located at end of axon; contain neurotransmitters in vessicles

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Synapse,

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gap between two or more neurons

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III. Different types of nerve cells

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Receptor neurons

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receive sensory information and transduce it into electrical stimulation

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Afferent neurons

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send messages from receptor neurons and senses toward CNS

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Efferent neurons

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send messages from brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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Interneurons

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connect afferent and efferent neurons

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IV. Function of a neuron: Axonal Transmission

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Electrical within the neuron

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Microelectrodes

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technology that allowed researchers to learn this information

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Resting potential

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approximately -70mv in humans; inside charge relative to outside

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Threshold

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approximately -55mv; value at which neuron will “fire” if reached

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Action potential

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lasts approximately 1 millisecond

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The “all or none” principle (like firing of a gun)

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1.Threshold 2. Intensity of stimulation conveyed via # of neurons firing or rapidness of firing

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V. Function of a neuron: Synaptic Transmission

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Chemical between neurons

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Presynaptic membrane (terminal ending)

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contains vesicles with neurotransmitters

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Synapse

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Gap between terminal ending and dendrite of the next neuron

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Post synaptic membrane (dendrite)

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receptor cells for neurotransmitters

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Lock and key theory

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neurotransmitters only affects post synaptic membrane if shape fits into certain receptor molecules

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Re-uptake and enzyme breakdown of neurotransmitters

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VI. Neurotransmitters

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Dopamine

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voluntary movement; cognition and mood; key for schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease

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Serotonin

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sleep appetite mood; too much = sleepy schizophrenia; too little = depression

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Acetylcholine

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memory and voluntary movement; key for Alzheimer’s disease

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Norepinephrine

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mood; too much = mania; too little = depression

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Endorphins

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inhibitory natural opiates – decrease perception of pain

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VII. How many medications work: They affect neurotransmitter functioning

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Agonists

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facilitate/help a neurotransmitter 1. Block reuptake, block enzyme breakdown, mimic at receptor, build precursors

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Antagonists

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block/inhibit a neurotransmitter 1. Increase reuptake, increase enzyme breakdown, block receptors, decrease precursors

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VIII. The Nervous System

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Central Nervous System(CNS)

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brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

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Somatic

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controls skeletal/voluntary muscles and sense organs

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Autonomic

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controls heart, lungs, digestive system, etc. a. Sympathetic (produces arousal) b. Parasympathetic (decrease arousal)

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IX. Brain Structures

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A.Hindbrain

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Medulla

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controls heartbeat, blood circulation, breathing, vomiting, coughing, etc.

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Cerebellum

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controls balance and muscle coordination

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Pons

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relay station linking hindbrain to rest of the brain; involved with sleeping/waking

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B. Midbrain

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Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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relay station and filtering device; involved with arousal and waking

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C. Forebrain

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1)Limbic system

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involved with emotions and memory

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Amygdala

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turns on aggression when stimulated

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Septum

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turns off aggression with stimulated

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Hippocampus

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memory

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Cingulate Gyrus

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pleasure after eating and sex

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2) Hypothalamus

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homeostasis; controls pituitary; temp; sex; sleep; hunger; thirst

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3) Thalamus

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relay station

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4) Cerebral Cortex

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right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum

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a. Frontal lobe

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personality; advanced thinking

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b. Temporal lobe

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auditory cortex

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c. Parietal lobe

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sensory cortex

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d. Occipital lobe

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vision

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X. Endocrine System

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Hormones

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chemicals that travel in bloodstream; serve similar function as neurotransmitters

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B. Key Glands and Hormones

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1. Pituitary glands

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at base of brain; controlled by hypothalamus; controls release of hormones from many other important glands, such as the thyroid, ovaries, and testes

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2. Adrenal gland

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on top of kidneys; release hormone adrenalin; control body’s response to stress and danger

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3. Additional hormones

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Melatonin (Pineal Gland; mood and sleep) Throxine (Thyroid; metabolism, growth, mood) Insulin (Pancreas; blood sugar) Estrogen and Progesterone (Ovaries; female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics), Testosterone (Testes; male reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics)

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4. Pheromones

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hormones that mark territories and signal desire to mate in many species; unclear if they contribute to human behavior