Biopsychology Test 1

Front 1

Leak Channels

Back 1

Channels always passively open; holes in the membrane

Front 2

Voltage gated channels

Back 2

Usually closed until opened by the voltage of the membrane surrounding it

Front 3

Mechanically gated channels

Back 3

Usually closed until opened by stimulation

Front 4

Sodium-potassium pump helps to keep ___ out by _____________________________.

Back 4

Na+; pumping it out while allowing K+ in

Front 5

An efflux of ____ or an influx of ______ can cause hyperpolarization.

Back 5

K+; Cl-

Front 6

Graded Potentials

Back 6

Changes in the membrane potential which, when added in the soma, can be the cause of action potentials

Front 7

How are graded potentials different from action potentials?

Back 7

Graded potential sizes vary with stimulus intensity and they decay over time and distance.

Front 8

Axosomatic

Back 8

When the icon connects with the cell soma; second most common

Front 9

Axodendritic

Back 9

When the axon connects with dendrites; most common

Front 10

Axoaxonic/Axoaxonal

Back 10

Axon to axon connection; very rare

Front 11

What triggers the activation of calcium channels which allows calcium into the cell?

Back 11

The action potential is transmitted down to the end to the terminal button of an axon

Front 12

What is calcium's purpose in synaptic transmission between cells?

Back 12

Release of calcium in the presynaptic terminal button triggers synaptic vesicles to fuse to the synaptic membrane at the fusion pore

Front 13

What happens once synaptic vesicles fuse to synaptic membrane at the fusion pore?

Back 13

The pore opens and releases the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Front 14

Post-synaptic membrane has ___________-dependent channels.

Back 14

Chemical

Front 15

EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials) contribute to

Back 15

depolarization; they are excitatory

Front 16

IPSPs (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials) contribute to

Back 16

hyperpolarizations; they are inhibitory

Front 17

Terminating the transmission of neurotransmitters can be cause by ___________ or _____________.

Back 17

Reuptake; chemical degradation

Front 18

What do auto receptors do?

Back 18

When cell detects its own neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft, it starts reuptake to take back its neurotransmitters

Front 19

The summation of all the positive and negative inputs form synapses on the post-synaptic neuron are aggregated at the ________________.

Back 19

Axon hillock

Front 20

Why is cell excitation important?

Back 20

It increases the probability that post synaptic neurons will fire which can lead to sensations felt and muscles moved.

Front 21

Why is cell inhibition important?

Back 21

Nervous system can't run just on excitation; inhibition lowers activity levels and keeps brain from over-excitation

Front 22

GABA

Back 22

major fast inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain (amino acid)

Front 23

Glutamate

Back 23

Major fast excitatory neurotransmitter (amino acid)

Front 24

What are acetylcholine two receptor types?

Back 24

Nicotinic (nerve-muscle junction) and muscarinic (in brain, especially cortex)

Front 25

What are the major monoamine neurotransmitters?

Back 25

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Front 26

What do monoamine receptors do?

Back 26

Slow regulation of brain activity important for arousal and mood

Front 27

What do SSRI's do? Why are they being replaced?

Back 27

They are supposed to selectively stop the reuptake of serotonin, but they are not as selective as they should be.

Front 28

What does stereotaxic surgery involve?

Back 28

Research technique on animals that creates lesions in precise areas of the brain

Front 29

Lesion Methods

Back 29

Damage particular area of the brain and observe changes in behavior

Front 30

What are aspiration lesions?

Back 30

Aspiration lesions involve sucking out cells at certain locations in the brain

Front 31

Radio-frequency lesions

Back 31

use radio of certain frequency to kill cells in area; can change frequency to change size of area

Front 32

Knife Cuts "Lesioning" Technique

Back 32

Cut out cells in area of brain

Front 33

Cryogenic blockage technique

Back 33

Use electro-tip to freeze area of brain, can be temporary

Front 34

Chemical lesions technique

Back 34

Release chemical to destroy nearby tissue in brain

Front 35

What are neurohistology techniques for researching on animals?

Back 35

Involves fixation, preservation of tissue, sectioning and staining of tissue

Front 36

What can neurohistology be used for?

Back 36

Confirming lesion sites or electrode locations

Front 37

How is neurohistology done?

Back 37

Stain is added which targets specific types of tissue- some can be specific enough to stain only a synapse

Front 38

What are Nissl Stains (neurohistological staining)?

Back 38

Violet stain that effects mainly cell bodies

Front 39

What are Golgi Silver Stains (neurohistological staining)?

Back 39

A stain that effects whole neurons

Front 40

What are myeline stains/fiber stains (neurohistological staining)?

Back 40

Stains mainly myeline in the brain

Front 41

How can neurohistological staining be used on humans?

Back 41

Can be done postmortem in huamsn

Front 42

What is done in electrophysiology techniques of research?

Back 42

Directly records electrical activity of brain in animal

Front 43

What is done in neuropharmacological methods of researching on animals?

Back 43

A drug is injected to observe its behavioral effects

Front 44

What are peripheral injections (neuropharmacological methods)?

Back 44

Drug injected in the animals body; must cross the blood/brain barrier and it effects the whole brain

Front 45

What are intracerebral injections (neuropharmacological methods)?

Back 45

Drug is injected directly into animal's brain; drug can be inserted directly into very small area of the brain

Front 46

What is the problem with injecting drugs as a form of research?

Back 46

Research subjects usually need precursors of wanted end product in their system already to get past the blood/brain barrier

Front 47

What does 2-DG autoradiography do?

Back 47

It measures chemical activity in the brain

Front 48

What is involved in 2-DG autoradiography?

Back 48

Radioactive 2-DG is injected; animal performs behavior and is then euthanized; brain tissue is coated w/ photographic emulsion and examined; areas that absorbed high levels of 2-DG will be darker

Front 49

Gene KnockoutTechniques involve

Back 49

creating organisms lacking certain genes

Front 50

Gene Insertion/Replacement techniques involve

Back 50

creating transgenic organisms

Front 51

Brain lesion research in humans is limited b/c

Back 51

The person must already have lesions (can't engineer them), damage of lesions is usually very widespread, and there are limits to interpretation

Front 52

Early brain imaging technology like CAT and MRI provided ___________.

Back 52

Structural information only

Front 53

More recent brain imaging technology like fMRI and PET provides ____________ and _____________.

Back 53

structural and functional information

Front 54

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

Back 54

Magnets bounce high-frequency waves off the brain tissue which emits weak electric charge which creates highly detailed images

Front 55

What are the advantages of MRI's?

Back 55

It has much better spacial resolution than CAT and has good anatomical specificity.

Front 56

What are the disadvantages of MRI's?

Back 56

They are expensive, very loud and confining, and there are dangers with metals near the scanner

Front 57

What is an EEG (electroencephalography)?

Back 57

The skull is surrounded with recording electrodes which detect faint electric signals and examine brain waves which then create a map of electrical activity of the cortex.

Front 58

What are the advantages to an EEG?

Back 58

It records electrical activity on the scalp directly, has excellent temporal resolution, and is inexpensive.

Front 59

What are the disadvantages of an EEG?

Back 59

There is extremely poor partial resolution and no access to subcortical structures.

Front 60

What do functional brain imaging technologies monitor to identify active areas of the brain?

Back 60

They monitor oxygen, glucose, and blood flow

Front 61

What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

Back 61

It introduces radioactive tracer in bloodstream wand radiation detectors measure the tracer. Positrons collide with electrons and produce gamma waves; these area of activity produce more radiation.

Front 62

What are the advantages of PET?

Back 62

You can focus on specific neurotransmitters and proteins through binding techniques; it has better spatial resolution than EEG

Front 63

What are the disagvantages of PET?

Back 63

Very expensive, requires radiation injection, not widely available, poorer temporal and spatial resolution than fMRI, only study changes occurring over several minutes

Front 64

What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging? (fMRI)

Back 64

Measures increased blood flow to activated brain areas; images made under control conditions compared to image under experimental conditions; image created by BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) signal

Front 65

What are the advantages of fMRI?

Back 65

No radiation, good spatial resolution, better temporal resolution than PET, widely avail

Front 66

What are the disadvantages of fMRI?

Back 66

Expensive, lower temporal resolution than EEG, makes loud noise, can make people claustrophobic, can be bad if subject isn't healthy

Front 67

Neuraxis

Back 67

imaginary line drawn from bottom of spinal cord to top of forebrain

Front 68

Central Nervous System includes

Back 68

brain and spinal cord

Front 69

Peripheral nervous system includes

Back 69

spinal and cranial nerves

Front 70

What are meninges?

Back 70

The three layers of connective tissue encasing the CNS

Front 71

What is the dura mater?

Back 71

The outer meninges; "hard mother" hard outer surface

Front 72

What is the arachnoid membrane?

Back 72

The middle meninges; "spider like"

Front 73

What is the pia mater?

Back 73

The inner meninges; "tender mother"; directly attached to surface of brain

Front 74

What is the subarachnoid space?

Back 74

Space b/w arachnoid membrane and pia mater; filled with cerebral spinal fluid

Front 75

What does the choroid plexus do?

Back 75

Part of the brain that produces cerebral spinal fluid by taking blood from the vascular system and filtering out everything but blood plasma

Front 76

Where is the choroid plexus?

Back 76

In the ventricles of the brain

Front 77

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Back 77

Cellular barrier interposed between the blood and neurons of the brain

Front 78

How do glucose and proteins pass the blood brain barrier?

Back 78

They pass where no blood brain barrier exists and pass freely out of the circulatory system

Front 79

In the CNS, groups of axons are called

Back 79

tracts

Front 80

In the PNS, groups of axons are called

Back 80

nerves

Front 81

In the CNS, cell bodies are called

Back 81

Nuclei

Front 82

In the PNS, cell bodies are called

Back 82

ganglia

Front 83

The telencephalon and diencephalon of the CNS are part of the

Back 83

forebrain

Front 84

The mesencephalon of the CNS is part of the

Back 84

midbrain

Front 85

The mesencephalon and myelencephalon of the CNS is part of the

Back 85

hindbrain

Front 86

The telencephalon contains

Back 86

the cerebral cortex, the limbic system, and the basal ganglia

Front 87

Temporal lobe is associated with

Back 87

audition; object vision; memory

Front 88

Parietal lobe is associated with

Back 88

spatial cognition; attention; motor control; vision; touch; memory

Front 89

Frontal lobe is associated with

Back 89

motor; olfaction; some vision; speech; memory; planning; executive function; attention

Front 90

Occipital lobe is associated with

Back 90

vision

Front 91

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Back 91

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, vagus, spinal

Front 92

What is the drug-response curve

Back 92

shows the magnitude of a drug's effect as a function of the dose

Front 93

What is the therapeutic index?

Back 93

The lethal/therapeutic dose of a drug

Front 94

Potential for abuse depends on what four factors

Back 94

Pharmacology, route of administration, dose, and psychological context of use

Front 95

Drugs that require a relatively _____ dose have a higher potential for addiction.

Back 95

low

Front 96

Physical dependence theory

Back 96

Addiction driven by need to counteract withdrawal symptoms

Front 97

What are some of the flaws of the Physical dependence theory?

Back 97

Not all addictions produce severe withdrawal; "craving" outlasts withdrawal

Front 98

Positive Incentive Theory

Back 98

Addiction comes form the anticipation of positive effects which motivate behavior; "craving" is the desire for the rewarding effects of the drug or behavior

Front 99

The __________ ___________ is involved in almost all rewarding behavior.

Back 99

Dopamine reward pathaway

Front 100

What is reward deficiency syndrome?

Back 100

Lower levels of receptors equates to lower responsiveness to rewards in general; the drug or behavior may then be the only method to adequately activate the reward system

Front 101

Cocaine interferes with

Back 101

voltage gated sodium channels

Front 102

There is no overdose treatment for ___________.

Back 102

Cocaine and other stimulants

Front 103

____________ can cause possible permanent damage, even once the drug is out of the system.

Back 103

Stimulants

Front 104

Serotonergic pathway

Back 104

Has widespread distribution from brainstem and regulates sleep, aggression, mood, and libido

Front 105

Psychedelics affect ______________ receptors.

Back 105

serotonin

Front 106

Mechanism of action for hallucinogens

Back 106

Exert effects on sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and affective processing through interaction with the 5HT-2 receptors and a modulation of NMDA (glutamate) receptors.

Front 107

____________ was the first known neurotransmitter.

Back 107

Acetylcholine

Front 108

Cholinergic pathways are involved in

Back 108

waking, learning and memory, and autobiographical memory