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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gregor Mendel |
-demostrated that inheritance occurs through genes. |
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Gene |
-composed of DNA -part of a chromosome |
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DNA |
-serves as a model for the synthesis of RNA |
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RNA |
-a single strand chemical -serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins. |
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Proteins |
-determines the development of the body -forms part of the structure of the body -serve as enzymes that regulate chemical reactions in the body. |
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Human Genome Project |
-Genes do not have discrete locations -they can overlap -genetic outcome can depend on two or more chromosomes -we only have about 20,000 genes -genes constitute only 1% of our DNA -Protein encoding is a minor job of RNA |
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Epigenetics |
-means "above genetics" -all mechanisms of inheritance except genes -experience and behavior -Epigenetic changes can be induced by experiences and can be passed on to future generations. |
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DNA Methylation |
-Methyl groups attach to DNA and reduce the expression of adjacent genes. |
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Histone Remodeling |
-a gene is loosened from the histones -this causes gene expression -if a gene is tightened from the histones, it turns the gene expression off.
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Universality |
-if a trait or behavior is found all over the world it must have genetic underpinnings. |
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Selective Breeding Studies |
-select a certain gene you favor -find the animals with that particular gene and breed them together -Racehorses and dogs -Selective breeding only works with a constant environment. |
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
-inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. -if toxic levels are reached, it can impair brain development. -mental retardation, irritability -every child is tested at birth and placed on a strict diet. |
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Behavioral Genetics |
-attempts to quantify the extent to which genetic and environmental differences are associated with differences in traits.
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Deprivation Studies |
-depriving an organism of some environmental experience. -if they develop the behavior anyway, the behavior must have genetic underpinnings. -be sure to deprive the right experience. |
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Heritability
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-heritability of a certain trait is specif to that population. -strong environmental influences may cause genetic influences to show less of an effect -vice versa -high heritability exists if variations in some characteristic depend largely on genetic differences |
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The New Twin Studies |
-at conception, monozygotic twins are genetically the same. -an experiment done by Fraga et al showed us that monozygotic twins were identical at the beginning, but showed differences as they aged. |
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Twin Study by Wong et al |
-MZ and DZ twins were studied -DNA methylation was prominent in both sets of twins at similar ages. -found that DNA methylation is largely due to experience. |
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Microevolution |
-small genetic changes that occur over a few generations. |
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Macroevolution |
-broader patterns of change that occur over thousands of generations -new species are formed in this way -gradualism: changes occur at a slow rate -punctuated equilibrium: short periods of rapid change that interrupt long periods of little change. |
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Natural Selection |
-a type of microevolution that alters the distribution or % of gene combinations in the population.
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Mutation |
-random occurrence of new gene combinations |
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Migration |
-happens when two populations share alleles. |
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Genetic Drift |
random events in environment eliminate certain genotype. |
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Charles Darwin |
-Father of Natural Selection -all species produce more offspring than the environment can support. -those with favorable genes will pass on those particular genes. |
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True or False: Survival of the fittest means the one in best shape will win.. |
False... fittest means a reproductive success and having a reproductive trait that increases survival and reproductive success. |
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Evolution of the human brain |
-human brain has increased in size -the cerebrum has increased the most. -we know have folds to accommodate the size of the skull. -no relationship between intelligence and brain size. -the bigger your body, the bigger you brain however. |
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Encephalization Quotient |
-the ratio of body weight and brain weight to predict intelligent behavior. |
