Biopsychology Ch. 7

Front 1

AMPLITUDE

Back 1

A sound wave's intensity.

Front 2

LOUDNESS

Back 2

Perception of the intensity of a sound. (Not the same as amplitude.)

Front 3

FREQUENCY

Back 3

Number of compressions per second for a sound measured in Hz.

Front 4

PITCH

Back 4

Perception of a sound.

Positively correlated to frequency.

Front 5

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

Back 5

A.K.A. eardrum.

Vibrates at the frequency of the sound wave that hits it.

Attatched to three small bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that transmit vibrations to the oval window.

Front 6

OVAL WINDOW

Back 6

Membrane in the inner ear.

Front 7

COCHLEA

Back 7

Snail-shaped structure in the inner ear filled with fluid.

Fluid is set in motion when the stirrup makes the oval window vibrate.

Front 8

HAMMER
ANVIL
STIRRUP

Back 8

3 bones in the inner ear.

Connects to the eardrum and the oval window.

Front 9

SCALA VESTIBULI
SCALA MEDIA
SCALA TYMPANI

Back 9

3 long fluid filled tunnerls in the cochlea.

Front 10

FREQUENCY THEORY

Back 10

Concept that pitch perception depends on the differences in the frequency of action potentials by auditory neurons.

Front 11

BASILAR MEMBRANE

Back 11

Floor of the scala media in the cochlea.

Vibrates in synchrony with the soundwaves.

Front 12

PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

Back 12

Area of the temporal lobes where cells respond best to tones of a particular frequency.

Damage = deafness

Front 13

TONOTOPIC MAP

Back 13

Map of the primary auditory cortex that shows which cortical area responds best to what sound frequency.

Front 14

CONDUCTIVE DEAFNESS

Back 14

A.K.A. middle ear deafness.

Happens if the three bones in the middle ear don't transmit sound waves correctly to the cochlea. Correctable.

Front 15

NERVE DEAFNESS

Back 15

A.K.A. inner ear deafness.

Result of damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerves.

Varies in degree and can be in only one part of the cochlea, resulting in deafness to certain sound frequencies.

Front 16

TINNITUS

Back 16

Frequent or constant ringing in the ears.

Often experienced by people with nerve/inner ear deafness.

Front 17

SOUND SHADOW

Back 17

cue for localizing high frequency sounds.

Wavelength shorter than the head width makes the sound louder in the closer ear.

Front 18

TIME OF ARRIVAL

Back 18

Cue for localizing high frequency sounds based on when the sound reached the closer ear.

Useful for localizing sudden onset sounds.

Front 19

PHASE DIFFERENCE

Back 19

Cue for localizing low frequency sounds based on when a soundwave's 2 consecutive peaks strike the 2 ears out of phase.

Front 20

MECHANIAL SENSES

Back 20

Respond to pressure, bending, or other receptor distortions. Touch/pain/body sensations.

Front 21

VESTIBULAR ORGAN

Back 21

Adjacent to cochlea.

Monitors head movement and directs compensatory eye movement.

Helps maintain balance.

Front 22

SEMI-CIRCULAR CANALS

Back 22

Located in the vestibular organ on 3 different planes.

Filled with a jelly-like substance and lined with hair cells sensitive to the direction and tilt of the head.

Front 23

SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM

Back 23

Sensation of the body and its movements, including discriminative touch, deep pressure, cold, warmth, pain, itch, tickle, and the position and movement of joints.

Front 24

FREE NERVE ENDING

Back 24

Somatosensory receptor.

Unmyelinated/thinly myselinated axons near the base of hairs and in the skin that respond to pain, warmth, and cold.

Front 25

HAIR FOLLICLE RECEPTORS

Back 25

Somatosensory receptor located in hair covered skin that responds to the movement of hairs.

Front 26

MEISSNER'S CORPSUCLES

Back 26

Somatosensory receptor located in hairless areas that respond to sudden displacement of skin and low frequency vibrations. (flutter)

Front 27

PACINIAN CORPSUCLES

Back 27

Somatosensory receptor located in hairless and hairy skin that respond to sudden displacement of skin and high frequency vibrations.

Front 28

MERKEL'S DISKS

Back 28

Somatosensory receptor located in hairy and hairless skin tat resonds to indentation of skin.

Front 29

RUFFINI ENDINGS

Back 29

Somatosensory receptor located in hairy and hairless skin that responds to the stretch of skin.

Front 30

KRAUSE END BULBS

Back 30

Somatosensory receptor located mostly/entirely in hairless areas and possibly genitals.

Front 31

SPINAL NERVES

Back 31

Nerves that convey information between the spinal cord and sensory receptors or muscles in the periphery.

Front 32

DERMATOME

Back 32

Area of of skin connected to a specific sensory spinal nerve.

Front 33

SUBSTANCE P

Back 33

Neurotransmitter released in conjunction with glutamate in response to strong pain. Without substance P, increased intensity of pain cannot be detected.

Front 34

OPIOD MECHANISMS

Back 34

Brain's mechanism for blocking extreme or prolonged pain.

Responds to opiate drugs and similar chemicals

Front 35

ENDORPHINS

Back 35

Brain chemicals that activate the same receptors as morphine.

Front 36

GATE THEORY

Back 36

The assumption that stimulation of certain non pain axons in the skin or brain can inhibit transmission of pain messages in the spinal cord.

Front 37

PERIAQUADUCTAL GRAY AREA

Back 37

The area of the brain stem that, when activated, assist in closing the pain gates.

Front 38

CAPSAICIN

Back 38

Chemical found in peppers that makes them taste "hot."

Stimulates neurons to release substance P.

Front 39

PLACEBO

Back 39

A drug or procedure that has no pharmacalogical effect.

Front 40

LABELED-LINE PRINCIPLE

Back 40

Concept that each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and has a direct line to the brain.

Front 41

ACROSS-FIBER PATTERN PRINCPLE

Back 41

Concept that each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of every stimulus in the system.

Front 42

PAPPILAE

Back 42

Structures on the surface of the tongue that contain tastebuds.

Front 43

ADAPTATION

Back 43

Decreased response to a stimulus as a result to recent exposure to it.

Front 44

CROSS-ADAPTION

Back 44

Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another.

Front 45

NUCLEUS OF TRACTUS SOLITARIUS

(NTS)

Back 45

Structure in the medulla where taste nerves are projected.

Front 46

SUPERTASTERS

Back 46

Percentage of a population who have a very high sensitivity to taste.

Front 47

OLFACTION

Back 47

Sense of smell.

Front 48

OLFACTORY CELLS

Back 48

Neurons responsible for smell.

Front 49

ANOSMIA

Back 49

General lack of olfaction/smell.

Front 50

SPECIFIC ANOSMIA

Back 50

Inability to smell a single chemical.

Front 51

VOMERONASAL ORGAN

Back 51

Set of receptors located near but seperate from the olfactory receptors.

Specialized to respond to pheremones.

Front 52

PHEREMONES

Back 52

Chemicals released by an animal that tend to affect the behavior of other animals of the same species.

Front 53

SPATIAL NEGLECT

Back 53

Tendency to ignore the left side of the body and its surrounding as a result from damage to the right hemisphere. (Often, the Superior temporal gyrus.)

Front 54

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

(ADHD)

Back 54

Characterized by attention deficit hyperactivity, implusivity, mood swings, short temper, high sensitivity to stress, and impaired ability to make and follow plans.