Biopsych Test 3 -Sleep

Front 1

review slide 3

Back 1

sleep cycle - 90-110 mins

Front 2

3-5 times of rem to slow wave sleep cycle per night

Back 2

-night progresses, REM time per cycle increases slightly and deep sleep decreases

Front 3

young adult vs elderly sleep patterns?

Back 3

-elderly spends more time in rem sleep, not much time spent in stage 4

Front 4

records an average of the electrical potentials of the cells and fibers in the brain areas nearest each electrode on the scalp

Back 4

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Front 5

waves during relaxed awake
-frequency?, amplitude? synchronous?

Back 5

alpha
-low (9-12 Hz), high amplitude, yes

Front 6

waves during attentive awake
-frequency, amplitude?, synchronous?

Back 6

beta
-high frequency (15-20), low amplitude, no

Front 7

describe the waves of every sleep stage

Back 7

1. theta
2. sleep spindle, K complex
3. delta
4. delta
5. REM - theta and beta

Front 8

12-14 Hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second in stage 2

Back 8

sleep spindle

Front 9

a sharp high-amplitude wave most common in stage 2

Back 9

K complex

Front 10

stages of slow-wave sleep

Back 10

3 and 4, very synchronized

Front 11

brain wave forms that are prevalent during behaviors most related to species survival and are also present during REM sleep

Back 11

theta waves
-examples, predation, apprehension, and exploration

Front 12

also called paradoxical sleep, time of dreaming, powerful inhibition of motor neurons but brain activity is high in brain stem

Back 12

REM sleep

Front 13

compare and contrast rem and nrem
1. synchrony
2. muscle tone
3. eye movement
4. genital activity
5. heart rate and respiration

Back 13

rem nrem
1. desynchrony 1. synchrony
2. lack of 2. moderate
3. rapid 3. slow or absent
4. erection 4. lack of genital acitivity
5. irregular 5. decreased

Front 14

functions of reticular formation during REM sleep

Back 14

cortical EEG desynchronization, rapid eye movements, core muscle relaxation, theta waves

Front 15

-lesions in this structure induce insomnia in cats and rats
-contains ___ cells that are important for cortical arousal

Back 15

basal forebrain

Front 16

induces slow wave sleep

Back 16

POA of hypothalamus
-inhibits ACh cells and the cortex

Front 17

slide 15
-cat lesion on forebrain

Back 17

-2 weeks - no rem sleep, much more wakefulness
-6 weeks - rem sleep returned, still more wakefulness and little slow wave sleep

Front 18

-serotonergic neurons do what?
in raphe nuclei

Back 18

-activation causes cortical arousal
-lesion = insomnia
-serotonin interrupts REM

Front 19

location of noradrengeric neurons that are related to behavioral arousal

Back 19

locus coeruleus
-not active during REM, slightly active in SWS, mostly active in Wakefulness

Front 20

increase of these NT leads to sleep

Back 20

GABA (valium) and adenosine (caffeine blocks these)

Front 21

increase of these NT leads to arousal

Back 21

histamine
-antihistamine drugs - benadryl - knock you out

Front 22

endocrine gland located just posterior to the thalamus

Back 22

pineal gland

Front 23

released by the pineal gland which influences circadian and circannual rhythms

Back 23

melatonin
-dim light increases melatonin
-after increase, 2 hrs -sleep

Front 24

predicts that sleep time should be related to the amount of time needed to acquire adequate food and the amount of danger faced during sleep

Back 24

evolutionary theory of sleep

Front 25

theory that we sleep to repair damage that is incurred during wakefulness

Back 25

recuperation theory

Front 26

theory that we sleep to keep us out of trouble and conserve energy, closely related to evolutionary theory

Back 26

circadian theory

Front 27

support for repair and restoration as functions of sleep?

Back 27

-growth hormone secreted at high levels during SWS
-sleep disruption impairs immune function
-digestion, removal of waste, protein synthesis - occur during sleep at lower rates

Front 28

a daily rythmical change in behavior or physiological process

Back 28

circadian rhythm

Front 29

a rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

Back 29

free running rhythms

Front 30

animals vs humans free-running rhythms

Back 30

animals - greater than 24 hrs
humans - 25.3 hrs

Front 31

what prevents us from free running?

Back 31

zeitgebers

Front 32

stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm
most important daily one?

Back 32

zeitgeber
-light

Front 33

what messes with the biological clock?

Back 33

-shift work
-jet lag - disruption of circadian rhythm due to crossing time zones

Front 34

how does travel affect zeitgebers?

Back 34

-going east - zeitgebers accelerate (phase advances)
-going west - they decelerate (phase delays)

Front 35

slide 27r

Back 35

review it

Front 36

involved in timing circadian rhythms relative to light/dark cycles
-influences melatonin production and has receptors for melatonin
-located?

Back 36

SCN - suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus
-above optic chiasm
-active in light phase

Front 37

pathway for light from direct input from the retina to the SCN that influences SCN activity

Back 37

retinohypothalamic tract

Front 38

input from where to retinohypothalamic tract?
NT?

Back 38

specialized ganglion cells
-melanopsin

Front 39

this damage abolished the circadian rhythmicity of physical activities (feeding and drinking)

Back 39

lesions of the SCN

Front 40

results in predictable shift in circadian rhythms

Back 40

stimulation of the SCN

Front 41

can restore circadian functions within 2-4 weeks, follows the donor's cycle

Back 41

transplants of the SCN

Front 42

how is the molecular clock synchronized to the light-dark cycle?

Back 42

glutamate from retina increases the transcription of the per gene
-24 hrs between transcription and degradation

Front 43

describe the importance of the timeless and period genes in the circadian rhythm

Back 43

-tim and per are proteins produced in more and more amounts beginning in the morning
-by evening, sleepy and at high levels - interact with clock protein to induce sleepiness
-during sleep - concentrations decline until morning
-low concentration - wakefulness
-pulse of light can inactivate time and phase advance the rhythm during the night

Front 44

freudian interpretation of dreams

Back 44

-triggered by unacceptable repressed wishes

Front 45

describe the activation synthesis theory of dreams

Back 45

-a dream represents the brain's effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information
-brainstem activation during REM sleep causes random neuronal activation
-dreams are inherently MEANINGLESS

Front 46

DESCRIBE The reverse learning theory of dreams

Back 46

-brainstem activation causes a random bombardment of neural activity
-this erases false information
-dream to forget

Front 47

memory consolidation theory of dreams

Back 47

REM sleep is involved in memory formation

Front 48

hippocampal neurons that are activated when an animal is exploring a new environment become re-activated during a subsequent bout of REM sleep

Back 48

k - memory?

Front 49

reactivation of neurons during REM supports?

Back 49

possibility that recently active connections are re-activated during REM

Front 50

rem sleep increaser with greater complexity of the learned material

Back 50

okay
-rats go into REM sleep faster with ongoing training
-increases in REM sleep occur prior to increases in behavioral performances

Front 51

consistent that the possibility that some processes that occur during REM are necessary for learning

Back 51

bc REM sleep increases before increases in behavioral performances

Front 52

effect of REM sleep deprivation on memory

Back 52

produce deficits in recently learned material

Front 53

neural control of dreams
-dream "logic" = ?
-emotionality = ?
-sets up dream space = ?
-visual imagery = ?

Back 53

-forebrain - prefrontal cortex
-hypothalamic nucei
-posterior cortices
-occipital?

Front 54

common causes of insomnia

Back 54

-drugs, stress, trying to sleep at the wrong time in circadian cycle

Front 55

hypnotic drug that works by increasing stage 2 and decreasing stage 4 and REM

Back 55

benzodiazepine

Front 56

inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time

Back 56

sleep apnea

Front 57

consequences of sleep apnea

Back 57

-sleepiness, impaired attention, depression, heart problems

Front 58

causes of sleep apnea

Back 58

genetics, hormones, old age, obesity, deterioration of the brain mechanisms that control breathing

Front 59

-repeated involuntary movement of the legs and arms while sleeping

Back 59

periodic limb movement disorders
-occurs during NREM sleep

Front 60

REM behavior disorder

Back 60

REM sleep without inhibition of motor movements
-rem sleep without atonia

Front 61

a condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day
-cataplexy - muscle weakness while awake
-sleep paralysis - cant move while falling asleep or waking up
-hypnagogic hallucinations - dreamlike experiences often occuring just before sleep

Back 61

narcolepsy

Front 62

theory of narcolepsy

Back 62

result of REM-sleep like processes being activated during wakefulness
-narcoleptics go directly into REM when they fall asleep

Front 63

neuropeptide found in hypothalamus lacked by people who are narcoleptic

Back 63

orexin