Biopsych Test 3 - Reproductive Behavior

Front 1

hormones composed of long chains of amino acids
ex ?

Back 1

protein hormones
-insulin

Front 2

hormones smaller than protein hormones, composed of fewer amino acids
-both act as activators of second messengers within cell
-ex?

Back 2

peptide hormones
-vasopressin, oxytocin

Front 3

hormones derived from cholesterol and contain four carbon rings

Back 3

steroid hormones

Front 4

3 mechanisms of steroid hormones

Back 4

1. bind to extracellular receptors
2. enter cell and activate proteins in cytoplasm
3. enter nucleus and activate/inactivate certain genes

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-released by adrenal gland in response to stress
-induces breakdown of fats and proteins into chemicals the body can use for energy including glucose

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-cortisol for humans
-corticosterone for rodents

Front 6

released by gonads, includes estrogen, progesterones, and androgens
-essential for sexual differentiation

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sex hormones

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-determines genetic sex

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biological father's sperm

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when does differentiation of gonads begin?

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4-6 weeks after fertilization

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pathway for sex gonads differentiation for males

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y - sry - tdf - gonads become testes -- make testosterone and Anti-Mullerian hormone

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function of testosterone

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stimulates development of Wolffian system

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function of AMH

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-inhibits development of mullerian system (present in females)

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-differentiates into male or female genitalia during embryonic development

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urogenital sinus

Front 13

becomes the clitoris or the penis

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genital tubercle

Front 14

becomes the labia or the scrotum

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genital folds

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-essential for the development of the male external genetalia
-converted from T by 5-alpha-reductase

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DHT dihydrotestosterone

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results from no androgens

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female external genitalia

Front 17

caused by genetic mutation that prevents formation of functioning androgen receptors
resulting in insensitive to androgens
-internal testes develop but external genitalia is female
-puberty = woman

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-androgen insensitivity syndrome

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results in incomplete masculinization of external genitalia
-birth - assigned as females
-puberty - male changes in external genitalia

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-5-alpha reductase deficiency

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condition in females in which too much androgens are produced by adrenal glands and male genitalia develops
-surgery corrects, lifelong hormones needed

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congenital adrenal hyperplasia

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hormonal organizational control of sexual differentiation

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-prenatal
-permanent

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hormonal activational control of sexual differentiation

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-after organ differentiation
-temporary

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see slide 19

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k

Front 23

large lesions impair male sex, sexually dimorphic in size, differentiation occurs during early critical period

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preoptic area

Front 24

enzyme that is abundant in the hypothalamus that converts testosterone to estrogen

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aromatase

Front 25

describe aromatization

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t converted to e by aromatase
-e binds receptors to induce masculine MPOA
-E MASCULINIZES BRAIN
-natural cell death drives MPOA differentiation
-more dying cells in females than males

Front 26

why does estrogen not maculinize females?

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alpha fetoprotein

Front 27

protein that binds to estrogen during neonatal period and soaks up estrogen so it cannot act on the brain

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alpha-fetoprotein

Front 28

hormone activated at puberty

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gonadal trophin releasing hormone

Front 29

released by the AP to promote growth of a follicle in the ovary

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Follicle stimulating hormone

Front 30

released by the AP to cause the follicle to release the ovum

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luteinizing hormone

Front 31

reproductive behaviors of females vs males

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females - few gametes, large energy cost, selective
male - many gametes, small energy cost, not picky

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time of maximum fertility and high estrogen levels when ovulation occurs

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periovulatory period

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-estrogen and progesterone spike at ovulation in day 4 of ovulatory cycle

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causes behavioral estrus

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castration impairs male sex, but can be treated with testosterone

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k

Front 35

when microinjected into the MPOA, male sexual behavior is enhanced

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dopamine agonists

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when microinjected into the MPOA, male sexual behavior impaired

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dopamine antagonists

Front 37

part of the medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, larger in males than in females and linked to male sexual behavior

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sexually dimorphic nucleus

Front 38

males use mPOA and females use ventromedial hypothalamus when estrogens affect neurons during sex

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okay

Front 39

mPOA responsible for parental behavior

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-maternal behavior in rats

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-stimulates contraction of the uterus during delivery of a baby
-stimulates mammary gland to release milk
-released during orgasm
-facilitates formation of pair bonds between partners and mom and infant

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oxytocin

Front 41

larger in hetero males than homo males and hetero females

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interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH) acts as human SDN

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larger in hetero females and homo males than hetero males

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anterior commissure

Front 43

activates brains of hetero females and homo males but not hetero males

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pheromonal effects

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homo female exposed to fetal androgens results in her?

Back 44

sexual orientation possibly

Front 45

overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from birth resulting in a masculinized female

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congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

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results of CAH

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-feminine index of pics for CAH girls significant lower
-masculine index for CAH girls higher than unaffected
-masculine index for CAH not different from unaffected boys

Front 47

males have larger ___ in hypothalamus while females have larger ____

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males: SDN-POA, BNST
females: SCN, AVPv

Front 48

females have larger structures associated with language such as

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temporal planum, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus

Front 49

females have larger structures connecting hemispheres such as:

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corpus callosum, anterior commissure, intermediate thalamus

Front 50

brains overall larger in males and women have more folds in the frontal cortices

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k

Front 51

who has higher sensory acuity in all senses except visual?

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women

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olfaction and women

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-increased response to musk at puberty
-periovulatory and early preggo women have greater olfactory sensitivity
-hormones affect olfaction
-8x greater response than men to smell

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taste and women

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-women better at discriminating esp bitter
-diffs appear after puberty, increase during preg, decrease after menopause
-increased estrogen = higher pref for sweet tastes

Front 54

echolike noises produced by all our cochlea in the inner ear

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click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs)
-womens are louder from birth (organization by hormones)

Front 55

women with twin bro or homo or bi women produce lower EOAEs and more male-like EOAE

Back 55

kk