Biopsych Exam 1

Front 1

Meninges

Back 1

Layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves

Front 2

Dura Mater?
Where are they found?

Back 2

Outermost of the three layers of meninges found in both central and peripheral nervous systems

Front 3

pia Mater

Back 3

innermost layer which means "pious mother" cover nerves that exit the brain and spinal cord like the dura mater. Found in CENTRAL and PERIPHERAL nervous systems

Front 4

Meningitis

Back 4

When the meninges get infected caused by various types of viruses and bacteria.

Front 5

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 5

Special plasmalike fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space. Makes brain float and prevents in from damage or pressure.

Front 6

Choroid Plexus

Back 6

Lining of the ventricles that secrete cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 7

central Canal

Back 7

The CSF circulates through this in the spinal cord and four ventricles in brain. Serves as the small midline channel which contains cerebrospinal fluid

Front 8

Ventricle

Back 8

One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 9

Carotid Artery

Back 9

One of two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain.

Front 10

Vertebral Artery

Back 10

On eof important blood vessels that enter brain from back of the skull.

Front 11

Hydrocephalus

Back 11

Results from blockage in the circulation of cerebrospinal Fluid. Can be cured at birth

Front 12

Spinal Cord

Back 12

Long cyllinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra.

Front 13

Central Nervous System
(CNS)

Back 13

Brain and Spinal Cord. Permanent Damage when damaged.

Front 14

Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)

Back 14

Nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body.

Front 15

Vertebral Column

Back 15

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.

Front 16

Cervical Nerves

Back 16

Serve the head neck and arms

Front 17

Thoracic Nerves

Back 17

torso

Front 18

Lumbar Nerves

Back 18

Serve lower back and legs

Front 19

Sacral Nerves

Back 19

backs of the legs and genitals

Front 20

coccygeal nerve

Back 20

the most caudal of the spinal nerves

Front 21

White Matter

Back 21

made up of nerve gibers known as axons. the parts of neurons that carry signals to other neurons to and from brain. It looks white due to fatty myelin.

Front 22

Gray matter

Back 22

Areas primarily made up of cell bodies. They are gray because they soak up some of the chemicals and are stained gray

Front 23

Dorsal Horns

Back 23

Receive sensory input

Front 24

Ventral Horns

Back 24

Pass motor info on to the muscles

Front 25

Reflex

Back 25

involuntary action or response

Front 26

Patellar Reflex

Back 26

The knee-Jerk reflex: a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh , causing food to kick

Front 27

Withdrawal Reflex

Back 27

When you touch something hot or step on something sharp, your spinal cord prouduces a withdrawal reflex

Front 28

The hindbrain

Back 28

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Front 29

Medulla
(Myencephalon)

Back 29

The most caudal part of the hindbrain. Made up of mostly gray matter with MANY nuclei and is involved with managing breathing, heart rate, and bloodpressure as well as making up several of the cranial nerves in head and neck area/

Front 30

Pons

Back 30

HINDBRAIN. Function to form connections between the medull and higher brain centers as well as cerebellum

Front 31

Reticular Formation

Back 31

Plays important role in regulation of sleep and arousal

Front 32

Cochlear Nucleus

Back 32

Found in Pons, receives information about sound from the inner Ear.

Front 33

Vestibular Nucleus

Back 33

In pons . receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear. ( helps with balance)

Front 34

Raphe Nuclei

Back 34

influence mood, states of arousal, and sleep

Front 35

Locus Coeruleus

Back 35

Participates in arousal

Front 36

Cerebellum

Back 36

Takes a role in coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining muscle tone, and regulating balance. Damage effects skilled movements including speech.

Front 37

Tectum

Back 37

The roof of the midbrain

Front 38

Midbrain

Back 38

The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and the forebrain.

Front 39

Tegmentum

Back 39

The covering or ventral half of the midbrain

Front 40

Cerebral Aqueduct

Back 40

small channel running along the midline of midbrain that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles and contains cerebrospinal Fluid.

Front 41

Periaqueductal gray

Back 41

peri means around. Gray matter surrounding the cerebral acqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain. - electrical stimulation to this area reduces pain.

Front 42

Red Nucleus

Back 42

In the Reticular formation- communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum.

Front 43

Substantia Nigra

Back 43

(MIDBRAIN NUCLEUS)the "black stuff"
-communicates with the basal ganglia of the forebrain.
-Degeneration=parkinson's disease.

Front 44

Superior Colliculi

Back 44

-(MIDBRAIN)
-Upper pair of bumps on dorsal surface of midbrain
-coordinate visually guided movements and visual reflexes.

Front 45

Inferior Colliculi

Back 45

(MIDBRAIN) lower pair of bumps involved with hearing, or audition.

Front 46

Forebrain

Back 46

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) telencephalon (the cerebral hemispheres)

Front 47

Thalamus

Back 47

processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.

Front 48

Hypothalamus

Back 48

" below the thalamus" - a collection of nuclei involved in regulating eating, drinking, sex, biorythyms and temp. control.

Front 49

Pituitary Gland

Back 49

a gland located directly above the mouth, involved in the regulation of many hormones.

Front 50

Basal Ganglia

Back 50

several nuclei that participate in motor control. Including: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus.

Front 51

Limbic System

Back 51

Collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior and learning.

Front 52

Hippocampus

Back 52

Participates in learning and memory. Damage to the hippocampus =anterograde amnesia.

Front 53

Amygdala

Back 53

Plays important role in fear rage and aggression. Interacts with the hippocampus to store emotional memories.

Front 54

Cingulate Cortex

Back 54

Segment of older cortex and is part of the limpic system.
- ACC- physical pain, decision making, error detection, emotion, anticipation of reward, and empathy
PCC-eye movements, spatial orientation, and memory

Front 55

Septal Area

Back 55

often included in the limbic system. When lesioned causes uncontrollable rage.
-Function=reward

Front 56

olfactory bulbs

Back 56

-Processes sense of smell
-Part of limbic system

Front 57

parahippocampal Gyrus

Back 57

Memory

Front 58

Mammilary bodies

Back 58

Part of hippocampus. Memory

Front 59

Fornix

Back 59

Connects hippocampus to mammillary bodies and other parts of the brain

Front 60

Cerebral Cortex

Back 60

Outter source of gray matter divided into 4 lobes: occipital, Temporal, Frontal, parietal

Front 61

Occipital Lobe

Back 61

Location of primary visual cortex

Front 62

Gyri and Sulci and Fissures

Back 62

Gyri = the hills of the cortex
Sulci= the valleys of the cortex
Fissures= Larger Sulci

Front 63

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 63

Separates the cerebral hemispheres

Front 64

sensory cortex

Back 64

area devoted to processing of sensory information.

Front 65

Lateral Sulcus

Back 65

The fissuure separating temporal and frontal lobe.

Front 66

Temporal Lobe

Back 66

Contains the primary auditory cortex

Front 67

Parietal Lobe

Back 67

contains the primary somatosensory cortex

Front 68

Frontal Lobe

Back 68

contains primary motor cortex. Participates in planning, behavior, attention and judgement.

Front 69

Corpus Callosum

Back 69

Wide band of axons connection the Right and Left cerebral hemispheres

Front 70

Anterior Commisure

Back 70

Small bundle of axons that also connext L and R cerebral hemispheres.

Front 71

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Back 71

-In frontal Lobes
-Participates in attention and planning of behavior

Front 72

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Back 72

Above and behind the Eyes.
-involves impulse control

Front 73

Primary Somatosensory cortex

Back 73

in parietal lobe
-provides highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, temp, and pain

Front 74

Association cortex

Back 74

Link and integrate sensory and motor information

Front 75

Brocas area

Back 75

Necessary for speech production

Front 76

Somatic Nervous System

Back 76

Brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles

Front 77

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 77

Controls actions of many glands and organs

Front 78

Mixed Nerve

Back 78

Nerve that contains sensory and motor nerves

Front 79

afferent and efferent

Back 79

afferent-towards the CNS in this case- access ( Myelinated)
efferent-away from the CNS as in exit ( unmyelinated)

Front 80

Biofeedbavck

Back 80

set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure

Front 81

Spinal Ganglion

Back 81

collec of cell bodies of afferent nerves located just outside of the spinal cord

Front 82

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 82

Autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal-fight or flight

Front 83

Parasympathetic

Back 83

rest and energy storage

Front 84

Sympathetic chain

Back 84

string of cell bodies outside Spinal cord receieving input from symp neurons in CNS that communicate with target organs

Front 85

natural selection

Back 85

Favorable traits will become more common and less favor less common in subsequent generations due to ability to reproduce.

Front 86

Chordates

Back 86

Phylum of animals that possess true brains and spinal cords. VERTABRATES

Front 87

Hominid

Back 87

Primate in the family hominidae HOMO SAPIENS