Biopsych Exam 1

Front 1

How much does the human brain weigh?

Back 1

1.3 kilograms

Front 2

neuron

Back 2

Pg 41. Neurons are cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signal that come in a variety of sizes

Front 3

. Who was the man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology and wrote The Organization of Behaviors?

Back 3

D. O . Hebb

Front 4

Neuroanatomy

Back 4

The study of the structure of the nervous system pg.8

Front 5

neurophysiology

Back 5

The study of the functions and activities of the nervous system pg. 8

Front 6

neuroscience

Back 6

The scientific study of the nervous system pg.5

Front 7

phenotype

Back 7

An organisms observable traits pg. 21

Front 8

afferent nerves

Back 8

Nerves in the somatic nervous system that carry sensory signals from the skin skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on to the central nervous system. Pg 37

Front 9

efferent nerves

Back 9

Nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles pg 37

Front 10

2 types of efferent nerves…

Back 10

efferent and afferent

Front 11

sympathetic nerves

Back 11

autonomic motor nerves that project form the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord. Stimulate organize and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations. Sympathetic changes are indicative of psychological arousal.

Front 12

parasympathetic nerves

Back 12

autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord. Act to conserve energy. Parasympathetic changes are indicative of psychological relaxation.

Front 13

where is the PNS located

Back 13

outside the skull and spine

Front 14

What part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the PNS?

Back 14

parasympathetic nerves- pg 38

Front 15

vagus nerve

Back 15

The longest cranial nerves which contain motor and sensory fibers traveling to and from the gut. Pg. 39

Front 16

meninges

Back 16

A series of 3 protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. 39

Front 17

Sequence of the meninges from outside to inside

Back 17

Dura Matter Meninx, Arachnoid meninx, Subarachnoid meninx. Pg. 39

Front 18

How many ventricle are there in the brain?

Back 18

4- the 2 lateral ventricles, 3rd vemtricle and the 4th ventricle

Front 19

Where does the CSF circulate through?

Back 19

It fills the Subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain. It also supports and cushions the brain. Pg 39.

Front 20

What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

Back 20

The 3rd and 4th ventricles pg 40 figure 2.4

Front 21

What does the blood-brain barrier impede the passage of?

Back 21

Impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain. BOOK pg.40

Front 22

synapse

Back 22

The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted.

Front 23

axon

Back 23

The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

Front 24

dendrites

Back 24

The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receives most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

Front 25

cell body

Back 25

The metabolic center o the neurons; also called the soma

Front 26

neurotransmitter

Back 26

Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the acridity of neuron and influence the activity of other cells

Front 27

Where is most of neurons DNA?

Back 27

In the nucleolus of the cell body

Front 28

Where are most of the synaptic vesicles?

Back 28

terminal buttons

Front 29

Multipolar neurons (pic. BOOK pg 43)

Back 29

A neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

Front 30

endoplastic reticulum

Back 30

System of folded membranes on the cell body; rough portions play a role in the synthesis of proteins; smooth portions play a role in the synthesis fats.

Front 31

axons

Back 31

The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

Front 32

ganglion

Back 32

:Clusters of cells in the PNS

Front 33

nuclei

Back 33

Clusters of cells in the CNS

Front 34

interneurons

Back 34

Neurons with short axon or no axon at all

Front 35

Tracts are to the nuclei as nerves are to what?

Back 35

ganglion

Front 36

myelin

Back 36

A fatty insulating substance, increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction

Front 37

in the CNS axons are myelinated by

Back 37

Oligodendrocytes- send out extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the CNS.

Front 38

purpose of myelination

Back 38

Keep the surviving neurons myelinated with glial cells.

Front 39

schwann cells

Back 39

Guide axonal regeneration (re growth) after damage in the PNS

Front 40

astrocytes

Back 40

Largest glial cells

Front 41

microglia

Back 41

Glial cell that engulf cellular debris

Front 42

Golgi stain colors neuron what color

Back 42

black

Front 43

What is the cresyl violet stain used for or designed to do?

Back 43

Used in the nissal stain and it penetrates all cells on a slide

Front 44

What is best to use to study the fine inner details of the neuron?

Back 44

electron microscopy

Front 45

Back of head is?

Back 45

posterior

Front 46

Top of a dogs head is?

Back 46

dorsal

Front 47

The tip of the nose is?

Back 47

interior and medial

Front 48

The nose of a rat is?

Back 48

anterior

Front 49

anterior

Back 49

:Toward the nose

Front 50

posterior

Back 50

Towards the tail (rostral, caludal)

Front 51

dorsal

Back 51

Towards the surface of the back or the top of head

Front 52

ventral

Back 52

:Toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head

Front 53

medial

Back 53

:Towards the midline of the body

Front 54

lateral

Back 54

Away from the midline towards the body’s lateral surface

Front 55

superior

Back 55

Towards the top of the primate head

Front 56

inferior

Back 56

Toward the bottom of the primate head or brain

Front 57

proximal

Back 57

:Close, closer to the CNS

Front 58

distal

Back 58

Far, Further from the CNS

Front 59

horizontal sections

Back 59

Any slice of brain tissue cut in a place that is parallel to the top of the brain

Front 60

saggital sections

Back 60

Any sliced of brain tissue cut in a place that is parallel to the side of the brain.

Front 61

Which part of the diencephalon controls the pituitary?

Back 61

Hypothalamus. It is located just below the anterior thalamus. It plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors. It excerpts effects in part by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Front 62

adrenal cortex

Back 62

The outer layer of the adrenal gland: it releases hormones that regulate energy, metabolism, mineral balance, and reproductive behavior.

Front 63

adrenal medulla

Back 63

The core of the adrenal gland; it is activated by the sympathetic nervous system, and in turn it secretes hormones whose effects are similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system.

Front 64

autonomic nervous system

Back 64

The division of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body’s internal environment; it conducts sensory signals to the CNS from receptors in internal organs, and motor signals from the CNS back to the same internal organs.

Front 65

brain

Back 65

The part of the CNS that is located in the skull.

Front 66

central nervous system

Back 66

The part of the vertebrate nervous system that is located within the skull and spine.

Front 67

cervical region

Back 67

The section of the spine that provides the flexible framework of the neck or cervix.

Front 68

dorsal roots

Back 68

The 31 pairs of sensory nerves that enter the spinal cord; they enter the spinal cord’s dorsal surface.

Front 69

gonads

Back 69

The sex glands (i.e. ovaries in women and testes in men); they release hormones that influence both the development of female and male reproductive behavior of adult.

Front 70

hypothalamus

Back 70

The brain structure from which the pituitary is suspended; it secretes releasing hormones, which stimulate the release of tropic hormones from the pituitary.

Front 71

lumbar region

Back 71

The section of the spine that supports the small of the back.

Front 72

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 72

One of the two motor divisions of the autonomic nervous system; it tends to conserve energy during periods of quiescence; parasympathetic nerves project from the brain and from the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Front 73

peripheral nervous system

Back 73

: The part of the vertebrate nervous system that is located outside the skull and spine.

Front 74

pituitary gland

Back 74

The gland that hangs from the hypothalamus; because it releases tropic hormones, it is often referred to as the master gland.

Front 75

sacral region

Back 75

The section of the spine to which the bones of the pelvis are attached.

Front 76

soamtic nervous system

Back 76

The division of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment; it conducts sensory signals to the CNS from external receptors and receptors in joints and skeletal muscles, and it conducts motor signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

Front 77

spinal cord

Back 77

The part of the CNS that is located in the spine.

Front 78

spinal gray matter

Back 78

The H-shaped area of gray nervous tissue in the spinal core of the spinal cord.

Front 79

sympathetic nervous system

Back 79

One of the two motor divisions of the autonomic nervous system; it tends to mobilize energy resources during periods of threat; sympathetic nerves project from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Front 80

thoracic region

Back 80

The section of the spine to which the ribs are attached.

Front 81

ventral roots

Back 81

: The 31 pairs of motor nerves that exit the spinal cord; they project from the spinal cord’s ventral surface.

Front 82

contralateral

Back 82

: Projecting from one side of the body to the other.

Front 83

ipsilateral

Back 83

On the same side of the body.

Front 84

astrocytes

Back 84

Large star-shaped glial cells whose many projections terminate on other astrocytes, blood vessels, and neurons.

Front 85

axon

Back 85

The single long fiber that extends from a neurons cell body; its function is to conduct neural signals from the cell body to other parts of the nervous system

Front 86

axon hillock

Back 86

The cone shaped structure between the cell body and axon.

Front 87

buttons

Back 87

The button like terminal endings of the axon branches.

Front 88

cell body

Back 88

the metabolic center of the neuron; also called the soma.

Front 89

cell membrane

Back 89

: the semi-permeable membrane tat encloses the cytoplasm of neurons and other cells; the wall of the cell.

Front 90

cytoplasm

Back 90

the clear inner fluid of neurons and other cells

Front 91

dendrites

Back 91

: the short bushy fibers that branch out from the cell body; they constitute the major signal-receiving area of the neuron.

Front 92

dendritic spines

Back 92

tiny protuberances on dendrites that are the location of many dendritic synapses.

Front 93

G-protein

Back 93

A protein molecule that is activated inside a neuron when a neurotransmitter molecule binds to the receptor on its associated signal protein.

Front 94

golgi appartaus

Back 94

systems of smooth plate-shaped membranous sacs in the cytoplasm of cells; they package proteins and other molecules in small membrane sacs

Front 95

ion channels

Back 95

specialized pores in the neuron cell membrane through which ions can pass; some are chemical gated and some are voltage gated.

Front 96

ionotropic receptors

Back 96

receptors that are associated with ion channels; when activated they typically induce rapid brief signals in the neuron by opening or closing the ion channel.

Front 97

macroglia

Back 97

large glial cells such as oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and Astrocytes.

Front 98

metabotropic receptors

Back 98

receptors that are associated with signal proteins and g proteins; when activated they typically induce slow, long-lasting changes in the neuron by changing its internal chemistry.

Front 99

microglia

Back 99

small glial cells; their function is phagocytosis.

Front 100

microtubules

Back 100

Fine tubes that course through the neural cytoplasm; they provide routes for the transport of molecules within neurons.

Front 101

mitochondria

Back 101

: structures of the cytoplasm that play a role in its respiration and in its production and use of energy.

Front 102

neurofilaments

Back 102

fine thread-like structures that form a matrix in the cytoplasm; they provide support for the cell membrane and maintain the shape of the neuron.

Front 103

neurotransmitter molecules

Back 103

molecules that are released from the buttons of active neurons and influence the activity of other cells.

Front 104

nodes of ranvier

Back 104

: the gaps between adjacent glial segments on a myelinated axon

Front 105

nucleus

Back 105

the large spherical structure in the cytoplasm of every cell; it contains the genetic material; in neurons it is located in the cell body.

Front 106

oligodendrocytes

Back 106

Glial cells that myelinate CNS axons

Front 107

postsynaptic membrane

Back 107

the section of the cell membrane of a postsynaptic neuron that is adjacent to the synaptic cleft; the postsynaptic membrane contains postsynaptic receptors.

Front 108

presynaptic membrane

Back 108

: the section of the button membrane that is adjacent to the synaptic cleft; the site from which neurotransmitter molecules are released into a synapse.

Front 109

receptive area

Back 109

: the dendrites and cell body of a neuron; the area of a neuron that receives most of its synaptic input.

Front 110

receptors

Back 110

molecules in the neuron cell membrane to which neurotransmitter molecules bind in key in lock fashion and, in doing so, induce signals in the neuron.

Front 111

ribosomes

Back 111

the structures on which each cells protein are synthesized; ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 112

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 112

the system of rough plateshaped membranous sacs in the cytoplasm of cells; its rough appearance stems from the fact that it is covered with ribosomes in neurons it is located in the cell body.

Front 113

schwann cells

Back 113

glial cells that myelinate PNS axons.

Front 114

signal proteins

Back 114

: proteins that snake back and forth through the cell membrane seven times and conduct signals into the neuron when their associated receptors are activated.

Front 115

synapse

Back 115

the narrow cleft between a terminal button on of neuron and the receptive membrane of another

Front 116

synaptic vesicles

Back 116

: membrane sacs that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near the pre-synaptic membrane; they are manufactured by the Golgi apparatus.

Front 117

anterior commisure

Back 117

The commissure that is located just inferior to the anterior tip of the corpus Callosum; a major route of communication between the left and right temporal lobes.

Front 118

arachnoid membrane

Back 118

The middle menynx; it has the texture of a gauze-like spider web.

Front 119

brain stem

Back 119

: The Central Neural Stem on which the two cerebral hemispheres sit; many brain stem structures play key roles in the regulation of body’s inner environment.

Front 120

central canal

Back 120

The cerebrospinal-fluid-filled internal space that runs the length of the spinal cord.

Front 121

cerebral aqueduct

Back 121

The narrow channel that connects the third and fourth ventricle; most of it is located in the Mesencephalon.

Front 122

cerebral hemisphere

Back 122

Two large neural structures that sit atop the vertebrate brain stem, one on the left and one on the right; they meditate complex psychological processes.

Front 123

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 123

The fluid that fills both the subarachnoid space and the hollow core of the brain and spinal cord; it supports, nourishes, and cushions the CNS.

Front 124

corpus callosum

Back 124

By far the largest cerebral commissure; it is composed of about 200 million axons.

Front 125

diencephalon

Back 125

The region of the brain between the Telencephalon and the Mesencephalon; one of the two divisions of the forebrain (the other is the Telencephalon); the most anterior region of the brain stem.

Front 126

dura mater

Back 126

The outermost and toughest of the three meninges.

Front 127

fourth ventricle

Back 127

The cerebral ventricle of the metencephalon; it connects the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal.

Front 128

ganglia

Back 128

Structures of the PNS that are composed largely of neural cell bodies; their function is the local analysis of neural signals (singular ganglion).

Front 129

lateral ventricles

Back 129

The ventricle of the left and right cerebral hemispheres; they are the largest of the four cerebral ventricles

Front 130

longitudinal fissures

Back 130

: The deep midline chasm between the two cerebral hemispheres.

Front 131

massa intermedia

Back 131

The commissure that is located in the middle of the third ventricle; it is a route of communication between the left and right diencephalon, which is largely separated by the third ventricle.

Front 132

mesencephalon

Back 132

: The midbrain; the region of the brain stem between the diencephalon and the metencephalon.

Front 133

metencephalon

Back 133

: The region of the brain stem between the Mesencephalon and the lyelencephalon; one of the two divisions of the hindbrain (the other is the Myelencephalon).

Front 134

meyelincephalon

Back 134

: The most posterior region of the brain, the area of the brain stem between the metencephalon and the spinal cord; one of the two divisions of the hindbrain ( the other is the metencephalon).

Front 135

nerves

Back 135

Structures of the PNS that are composed largely of axons; their function is to conduct action potentials from one part of the PNS to another.

Front 136

nuclei

Back 136

Structures of the CNS that are composed largely of neural cell bodies; their function is the local analysis of neural signals. (Singular: nucleus)

Front 137

olfactory nerves

Back 137

: The first pair of cranial nerves; they carry sensory signals from the olfactory bulbs to the brain.

Front 138

optic nerves

Back 138

: The second pair of cranial nerves; they carry sensory signals from the visual receptors of the eyes to the brain.

Front 139

pia mater

Back 139

the innermost and most delicate of the three meninges; it adheres to the surface of the CNS.

Front 140

subarachnoid spave

Back 140

The space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater; it contains cerebrospinal fluid, the weblike processes of the arachnoid layer, and many blood vessels.

Front 141

telencephalon

Back 141

The cerebral hemispheres, one of the two divisions of the forebrain (the other is the diencephalon).

Front 142

third ventricle

Back 142

The cerebral ventricle of the diencephalon; it is a vertical sheet-shaped chamber that lies along the midline.

Front 143

tracts

Back 143

: Structures of the CNS that are composed largely of axons; their function is to conduct action potentials from one part of the CNS to another.

Front 144

trigeminal nerves

Back 144

: The fifth pair of cranial nerves, each of which has three major branches; they conduct motor signals from the brain to the muscles involved in chewing, and sensory signals from the same muscles and from other parts of the face to the brain.

Front 145

vagus nerves

Back 145

The tenth and longest pair of cranial nerves; they conduct signals to and from the organs of the gut (e.g., to and from the heart, liver, and stomach).

Front 146

vestibulocohlear nerves

Back 146

The eighth pair of cranial nerves, which carry sensory signas from the inner ear to brain; one branch carries sensory signals from the organs of balance (i.e., from the vestibular organs), and the other branch carries sensory signals from organs of hearing (i.e., from the cochlea).

Front 147

how many ventral and dorsal roots are there in the body?

Back 147

31

Front 148

what is myelencephalon often called

Back 148

myelin

Front 149

where is the reticular formation located?

Back 149

in the central core of the brain stem

Front 150

what parts make up the diencephalon

Back 150

thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 151

4 lobes

Back 151

frontal parietal occipital temporal

Front 152

hippocampus

Back 152

role in memory. Part of the limbic system. Located at medial edge of the cerebral cortex. Hippocampus means “sea horse” (because of its shape).

Front 153

limbic system

Back 153

Plays a role in motivated behaviors: fleeing, feeding, fighting, and sexual behavior. A circuit of midline brain structures that circle the thalamus. (thalamus means “ring”). Circuit of brain structures include the: cingulated cortex, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala, mammilary body, and the septum. See figure 2.27 on p 57.

Front 154

fornix

Back 154

major tract of the limbic system. Fornix means “arc”.

Front 155

amygdala

Back 155

an almond shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe. Amygdala means “almond”. The amygdala is a part of the limbic system and the basal ganglia.

Front 156

septum

Back 156

the midline nucleus located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex.

Front 157

basal ganglia

Back 157

a group of subcortical structures with a role in voluntary movement. See figure 2.28 on p 57. This group includes the amygdala, caudate, putamen, and the globus pallidus

Front 158

absolute refractory period

Back 158

): a brief period, usually 1-2 milliseconds, after an action potential has fired in which it is impossible for another action potential to fire in the same neuron.

Front 159

relative refractory period

Back 159

): a period after an absolute refractory period in which it is possible to initiate a new action potential, but doing so requires higher than normal stimulation.

Front 160

resting potential

Back 160

the steady membrane potential of a neuron at rest, usually -70 mV. (membrane potential – the difference in electrical charges inside and outside of a cell.)

Front 161

microelectrodes

Back 161

extremely fine recording electrodes used for intercellular recording (to measure electrical charges inside and outside a cell).

Front 162

ions

Back 162

): positively or negatively charged particles. (for this class context we mostly deal with sodium, potassium, or chloride).

Front 163

ion channels

Back 163

specialized pores in neural membranes through which specific ions pass.

Front 164

sodium potasium pumps. 66-67

Back 164

): pumping mechanisms which pump many positively charged sodium (NA+) outside the cell and fewer positively charged potassium (K+) ions inside the cell. (Large quantities of sodium outside the cell majorly contribute to resting potential).

Front 165

depolarize 68

Back 165

to decrease the resting membrane potential. (reduce the negative membrane potential from -70mV to -67 mV).

Front 166

HYPERPOLARIZE

Back 166

(68): to increase the resting membrane potential. (to increase the negative membrane potential from -70 mV to -72 mV).

Front 167

axon hillock

Back 167

the conical structure at the junction between the cell body and the axon. (It used to be thought that action potentials started here, but it has been found that APs actually begin in the adjacent first section of the axon when the sum of depolarizations and hyperpolarizations reaching this first section of the axon reach the threshold of excitation.)

Front 168

threshold of excitation

Back 168

(69): The level of depolarization required to generate an action potention (AP), usually -65 mV.

Front 169

action potential

Back 169

(69): a massive, momentary, all-or-none reversal of the membrane from about -70 mV to +50 mV, lasting for only about 1 millisecond.

Front 170

voltage activated ion channels

Back 170

(71): ion channels that open or close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential.

Front 171

nodes of ranvier

Back 171

73): the gaps between adjacent myelinated segments in myelinated axons.

Front 172

velocity of axonal conduction

Back 172

(73): the velocity (speed) of conduction depends on 2 properties: (1) conduction = faster in axons with larger diameters. & (2) conduction = faster in myelinated axons.

Front 173

ionotropic receptors

Back 173

-:Are those receptors that are associated with ligand-activated ion channels.

Front 174

metabotropic receptors

Back 174

Are those receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins (guanosine-triphosphate-sensitive proteins).

Front 175

reuptake

Back 175

Drawing back the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic terminal. Reuptake is the more common of the two deactivating mechanisms

Front 176

enzymatic degredation

Back 176

chemical breakdown of neurotransmitter

Front 177

aminp acids

Back 177

Building blocks of protein. (The four most widely acknowledged amino acid neurotransmitters are glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid).

Front 178

golgi complex

Back 178

:A system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles.

Front 179

Where are protein neurotransmitters synthesized in the cell body?

Back 179

Small-molecule neurotransmitters are typically synthesized in the cytoplasm and the terminal button and packaged there in synaptic vesicles.

Front 180

autoreceptors

Back 180

Are metabotropic receptors that have two unconventional characteristics: They bind to their neuron’s own neurotransmitter molecules; and they are located on the presynaptic, rather than the postsynaptic, membrane. pg 78

Front 181

What are neurotransmitters deactivated by after release? Pg 78

Back 181

Reuptake or enzymatic degradation (reuptake is more common)

Front 182

What neurotransmitter is considered to be the most prevalent? Pg 79

Back 182

Glutamate is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS; GABA is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Front 183

Monoamines- pg 79

Back 183

Are another class of small-molecule neurotransmitters. Each is synthesized from a single amino acid-hence the name monoamine (one amine).

Front 184

Catecholamines- pg 79 (definition in glossary)

Back 184

A group of small-molecule neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine).

Front 185

What is synthesized from tyrosine?

Back 185

Pg 79
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Front 186

What do adrenergic neurons release?

Back 186

They release epinephrine (pg 80 )

Front 187

bregma

Back 187

The point on top of the skull where two of the major sutures intersect (the seams in the skull)

Front 188

sterotaxic surgery

Back 188

: Experimental devices that are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain ( pg 82 )

Front 189

suction lesion

Back 189

: The easy way to explain is to see figure 3.15 (pg84)

Front 190

aspiration legion

Back 190

The surgeon deftly draws away the target tissue through the fine tip of glass pipette attached to a vacuum pump. (pg 85 ) again see figure 3.15

Front 191

antagonists

Back 191

Drugs that reduce (pg 85)

Front 192

agonists

Back 192

Drugs that increase (pg 85)

Front 193

cocaine

Back 193

Potent agonist (increases activity of both dopamine and norepinphrene by blocking their uptake synapses (pg 89)

Front 194

Curare x- ray techniques that locate Vascular abnormalities in the brain?

Back 194

Cerebral angiography (pg 89)

Front 195

What is the most detailed 3-D view of the brain is done by what?

Back 195

Structural MRI ( pg 90)

Front 196

How is the CT scan presented?

Back 196

Horizontal sections of the brain (pg 90 )

Front 197

What do PET scans do?

Back 197

Provide images rather than structure (pg 90)