Biopsych Chapter 3

Front 1

neuraxis

Back 1

an imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain

Front 2

anterior

Back 2

with repect to the CNS, located near or toward the head.

Front 3

posterior

Back 3

with respect to the CNS, located near or toward the tail

Front 4

rostral

Back 4

"toward the beak"; with respect to the CNS, in a direction along the neuraxis TOWARD the front of the face

Front 5

caudal

Back 5

"toward the tail" with respect to the CNS, in a direction along the neuraxis AWAY from the front of the face

Front 6

dorsal

Back 6

"Toward the back/top" with respect to the CNS, in a direction PERPENDICULAR to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or back

Front 7

ventral

Back 7

"Toward the belly" with respect to the CNS, in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the bottom of the skull or front surface of the body

Front 8

lateral

Back 8

toward the side of the body, away from the middle

Front 9

medial

Back 9

toward the middle of the body, away from the side

Front 10

ipsilateral

Back 10

located on the same side of the body

Front 11

contralateral

Back 11

located on the opposite side of the body

Front 12

cross section

Back 12

with respect to the CNS, a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis

Front 13

frontal section

Back 13

a slice through the brain parallel to the FOREHEAD

Front 14

horizontal section

Back 14

a slice through the brain parallel to the GROUND

Front 15

sagital section

Back 15

a slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground

Front 16

midsagittal plane

Back 16

the plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.

Front 17

meninges

Back 17

the three layes of tissue that encase the CNS: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater

Front 18

dura mater

Back 18

the outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible

Front 19

arachnoid membrane

Back 19

the middle layer of the meninges, located between the outer dura mater and inner pia mater

Front 20

pia matter

Back 20

the layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate

Front 21

subarachnoid space

Back 21

the fluid-filled space that cushions the brain; located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

Front 22

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 22

a clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Front 23

ventricle

Back 23

one of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 24

lateral ventricle

Back 24

one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon

Front 25

third ventricle

Back 25

the ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon

Front 26

cerebral aqueduct

Back 26

a narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon

Front 27

fourth ventricle

Back 27

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon

Front 28

choroid plexus

Back 28

the highly vascular tissue that protudes into the ventricules and produces cerebrospinal fluid

Front 29

neural tube

Back 29

a hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from ectodermal tissue early in embryonic development; serves as the origin of the CNS

Front 30

cerebral cortex

Back 30

the outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 31

ventricular zone

Back 31

a layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS

Front 32

progenitor cells

Back 32

cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS

Front 33

symmetrical division

Back 33

division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it

Front 34

asymmetrical division

Back 34

division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain

Front 35

cajal-retzius (C-R) cells

Back 35

specialized neurons that establish themselves during cortical development in a layer near the terminals of the radial glia, just inside the pia mater; secrete a chemical that controls the establishment of migrating neurons in the layers of the cortex

Front 36

apoptosis

Back 36

death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell

Front 37

forebrain

Back 37

the most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 38

cerebral hemishpere

Back 38

one of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex

Front 39

subcortical region

Back 39

the region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface

Front 40

sulcus

Back 40

a groove in the structure, smaller than a fissure

Front 41

gyrus

Back 41

a convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures

Front 42

primary visual cortex

Back 42

the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system

Front 43

calcarine fissure

Back 43

a fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

Front 44

primary auditory cortex

Back 44

the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

Front 45

central sulcus

Back 45

the sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Front 46

primary motor cortex

Back 46

the region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles

Front 47

frontal lobe

Back 47

the anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe

Front 48

parietal lobe

Back 48

the region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe

Front 49

temporal lobe

Back 49

the region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes

Front 50

occipital lobe

Back 50

the region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes

Front 51

sensory association cortex

Back 51

those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex

Front 52

motor association cortex

Back 52

the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex

Front 53

prefrontal cortex

Back 53

the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex

Front 54

corpus callosum

Back 54

a large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain

Front 55

neocortex

Back 55

the phylogentically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex

Front 56

limbic cortex

Back 56

phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system

Front 57

cingulate gyrus

Back 57

a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum

Front 58

limbic system

Back 58

a groups of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles

Front 59

hippocampus

Back 59

a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, and subiculum

Front 60

amygdala

Back 60

a structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei;part of the limbic system, controls emotion

Front 61

fornix

Back 61

a fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammilary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system

Front 62

mammilary bodies

Back 62

a protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalmic nuclei; part of the limbic system

Front 63

basal ganglia

Back 63

a groups of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen; improtant parts of the motor system

Front 64

nucleus

Back 64

an identificable group of the neural cell bodies in the CNS

Front 65

diencephalon

Back 65

a region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle; includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Front 66

thalamus

Back 66

the largest portion of the dicencephalon, located above the hypothalamus; contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it

Front 67

projection fiber

Back 67

an axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form sysnapses with neurons in another region

Front 68

lateral geniculate nucleus

Back 68

a group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculae body of the thalmus that recieves fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex

Front 69

medial geniculate nucleus

Back 69

a group of cell bodies within the medial geniculate body of the thalamus; receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary cortex

Front 70

ventrolateral nucleus

Back 70

a nucleus of the thalamus that receives inputs from the cerebellum and sends the axons to the primary motor cortes

Front 71

hypothalamus

Back 71

the group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus;invloved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system, control of the anterior and the posterior pituaitary glands, and the integration of species-typical behaviors, hunger,anger,sex

Front 72

optic chiasm

Back 72

an X-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland

Front 73

anterior pituaitary gland

Back 73

the anterior part of the pituitary gland; and endocrine glane whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones

Front 74

neurosecretory cell

Back 74

a neuron that secretes a hormone or hormonelike substance

Front 75

posterior pituitary gland

Back 75

the posterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hyptothalamus

Front 76

midbrain

Back 76

the mesencephalon; the central of the three major divisions of the brain

Front 77

mesencephalon

Back 77

the midbrain; a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and the tegmentum

Front 78

tectum

Back 78

the dorsal part of the midbrain; includes the superior and inferior colliculi

Front 79

superior colliculi

Back 79

protusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system

Front 80

inferior colliculi

Back 80

protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system

Front 81

brain stem

Back 81

the "stem" of the brain, from the medulla to the diencephalon, excluding the cerebellum

Front 82

tegmentum

Back 82

the ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus and substantia nigra

Front 83

reticular formation

Back 83

a large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon

Front 84

periaqueductal gray matter

Back 84

the region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuits invloved in species-typical behaviors

Front 85

red nucleus

Back 85

a large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord

Front 86

substantia nigra

Back 86

a darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and patamen in the basal ganglia

Front 87

hindbrain

Back 87

the most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain;includes the metencephalon and myelencephalon

Front 88

cerebellum

Back 88

a major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex an important component of the motor system

Front 89

cerebellar cortex

Back 89

the cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum

Front 90

deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 90

nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; recieve projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain

Front 91

cerebellar peduncle

Back 91

one of three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons

Front 92

pons

Back 92

the region of the metecephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum

Front 93

medulla oblongata

Back 93

the most caudal portion of the brain; located in the myelencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord

Front 94

spinal cord

Back 94

the cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla

Front 95

spinal root

Back 95

a bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve

Front 96

cauda equina

Back 96

a bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord

Front 97

caudal block

Back 97

the anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equina

Front 98

dorsal root

Back 98

the spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers

Front 99

ventral root

Back 99

the spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers

Front 100

spinal nerve

Back 100

a peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord

Front 101

afferent axon

Back 101

an axon directed toward the CNS conveying sensory information

Front 102

dorsal root ganglion

Back 102

a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons

Front 103

efferent axon

Back 103

an axon directed away form the CNS, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands

Front 104

cranial nerve

Back 104

a peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain

Front 105

vagus nerve

Back 105

the largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 106

olfactory bulb

Back 106

the protusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from the olfactory receptors

Front 107

somatic nervous system

Back 107

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the CNS

Front 108

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 108

the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's vegetative functions

Front 109

sympathetic divison

Back 109

the portion of the ANS that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy

Front 110

sympathetic ganglion chain

Back 110

one of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column

Front 111

preganglionic neuron

Back 111

the efferent neuron of the ANS whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia

Front 112

postganglionic neuron

Back 112

neurons of the autonomic nervous system that form synapses directly with their target organ

Front 113

parasympatheic division

Back 113

the portion of the ANS that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state