Biopsych Chapter 12

Front 1

perceptual learning

Back 1

learning to recognize a particular stimulus

Front 2

stimulus-response learning

Back 2

learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical and instrumental conditioning

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classical conditioning

Back 3

a learning procedure; when a stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several time by an unconditional stimulus, that produces a defensive or appetitive response, the first stiumus (now the CS) itself evoces the resonpse (now the CR)

Front 4

Hebb rule

Back 4

the hypotheiss proposed by Donald Hebb that the cellular basis of learning involves strenthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires.

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instrumental conditioning

Back 5

a learing proscedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular stiuation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the porbability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning

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reinforcing stimulus

Back 6

an appetittive stiumus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent

Front 7

punishing stimulus

Back 7

an aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent

Front 8

motor learning

Back 8

learning to make a new response

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relational learning

Back 9

learning the relationships among individual stimuli

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 10

a long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input

Front 11

hippocampal formation

Back 11

a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; inclueds the hippocampus proper , dentate gyrus, and subiculum.

Front 12

population EPSP

Back 12

an evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population of neurons

Front 13

associative long-term potentiation

Back 13

a long-term potentiation in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a give neuron strenthens the weak ones

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NMDA receptor

Back 14

a specialized ionotropic glutamate recptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by MG2+ ions; involved in long-term potentiation

Front 15

AP5

Back 15

2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate; a drug that blocks NMDA receptors

Front 16

dendritic spike

Back 16

an action potential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells

Front 17

AMPA receptor

Back 17

an ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when open, it produces EPSPs

Front 18

CaM-KII

Back 18

tpye II calcium-calmodulin kinase, an enzyme that must be activated by calcium; may play a role in the establishment of long-term potentiation.

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nitric oxide (NO) synthase

Back 19

an enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide

Front 20

long-term depression (LTD)

Back 20

a long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postysynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized.

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ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Back 21

a group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems; plays a critical role in reinforcement

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nucleus accumbens (NAC)

Back 22

a nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum; recives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons form neurons of the ventral tegmental area and is thought to be inolved in reinforcement and attention

Front 23

anterograde amnesia

Back 23

amnesia for events that occur after some distrubance to the brain, such as head injury or certain degenerativ brain diseases

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retrograde amnesia

Back 24

amnesia for events that preceded some distrubance to the bain, such as a head injury or electroconvulsive shock

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Korsakoff's syndrome

Back 25

permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage, usually resulting from chronic alcoholism

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confabulation

Back 26

the reporting of memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive; seen in people with Korsakoff's syndrome

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consolidation

Back 27

the process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories

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declartive memory

Back 28

memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person's past

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nondeclarative memory

Back 29

memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; a collective term for percetptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory

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perihinal cortex

Back 30

a region of limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that, along with the parahippocampal cortex, relays information between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain.

Front 31

episodic memory

Back 31

memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context

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semantic memory

Back 32

a memory of facts and general information

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place cell

Back 33

a neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation

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reconsolidation

Back 34

a process of consolidation of a memory that occurs subsequent to the original consolidation that can be triggered by a reminder of the original stimuls thought to provide the means for modifying existing memories