Biopsych Ch 3

Front 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 1

divison of the nervous system located withing the skull and spine

Front 2

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 2

Divison of the nervous system that is located outside of the skull and spine

Front 3

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Back 3

the part of the PNS that interacts with the external enviroment

Front 4

SNS Afferent Nerves

Back 4

carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, wars, eyes, and so on to the Central Nervous System

Front 5

SNS Efferent Nerves

Back 5

carry motor signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles

Front 6

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 6

part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body's internal enviroment

Front 7

ANS Afferent Nerves

Back 7

carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS

Front 8

ANS Efferent Nerves

Back 8

carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs

Front 9

What are the 2 kinds of ANS Efferent Nerves

Back 9

Sympathetic Nerves: autonomic nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoratic(chest area) regions of the spinal cord.

Parasympathetic Nerves: autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord

Front 10

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerves are 2-staged neural paths. Explain...

Back 10

the neurons project from the CNS and go only part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on other neurons that carry the signal the rest of the way

Front 11

the three menings:

Back 11

3 membranes under the skull that protect the brain and spinal cord (CNS):

duramater: tough

fine arachnoid membrane: spider web like membrane

Subarachnoid space: cpmtaoms many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

pia mater: delicate, adheres to the surface of the CNS

Front 12

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):

Back 12

fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral centricles of the brain

Front 13

Central Canal:

Back 13

small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord

Front 14

Cerebral Ventricles:

Back 14

the 4 large internal chambers of the brain:
-the 2 lateral ventricles
-the third ventricle
-the 4th ventricle

(see figure 3.3, pg 53)

Front 15

Choroid Plexuses

Back 15

networks of capillaries (small blood vessels) that protrude into ventricles from the piamater

Front 16

Blood-Brain Barrier:

Back 16

mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain

Front 17

Neurons

Back 17

cells that are specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

Front 18

Multipolar Neuron

Back 18

a nueron with more than 2 processes extending from its cell body. most neurons are multipolar

Front 19

Unipolar Neuron

Back 19

a neuron with one process extending from its cell body

Front 20

Bipolar Neuron

Back 20

a neuron with 2 processes extending from its cell body

Front 21

Cell Membrane

Back 21

the semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

Front 22

Dendrites

Back 22

The short processes emanating from the cell body

Front 23

Axon Hillock

Back 23

the cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

Front 24

Axon

Back 24

the long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

Front 25

Myelin

Back 25

the fatty insulation around many axons

Front 26

Cell Body

Back 26

the metabolic center of the neuron, also called the soma

Front 27

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 27

the gaps between sections of myelin

Front 28

Buttons

Back 28

the buttonlike endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses

Front 29

Synapses

Back 29

the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

Front 30

Endoplasmic reticulum (pg 56)

Back 30

a system of folded membranes in the cell body; rough portions (those with ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of proteing; smooth portions (those without ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of fats

Front 31

Cytoplasm (56)

Back 31

the clear internal fluid of the cell

Front 32

Ribosomes (56)

Back 32

internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 33

Golgi Complex (56)

Back 33

A connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

Front 34

Nucleus (56)

Back 34

The spherical DNA-containing stucture of the cell body

Front 35

Mitochondria (56)

Back 35

sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release

Front 36

Microtubules (56)

Back 36

Tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material through neurons

Front 37

Synaptic Vesicles (56)

Back 37

Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses

Front 38

Neurotransmitters (56)

Back 38

molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells

Front 39

In the CNS, clusters of cell bodies are called _____

Back 39

nuclei

Front 40

In the PNS, clusters of cell bodies are called ________

Back 40

ganglia

Front 41

Oligodendrocytes and their basic facts

Back 41

glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of neurons of the CNS

these extensions are rich in MYELIN, a fatty substance, and the MYELIN SHEATHS that they form increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction

-A similar function is performed in the PNS by SCHWANN CELLS, a second class of glial cells

Front 42

Glial Cells

Back 42

The Forgotten Cells

Front 43

Oligodendrocytes

Back 43

glial cells with extensions rich in myelin creating myelin sheaths around the axons in the CNS

Front 44

Schwann Cells

Back 44

similar to function of oligodendrocytes(extensions rich in myelin creating myelin sheaths around the axons) but in the PNS, can guide axonal regeneration

Front 45

Microglia

Back 45

smaller than other glia. respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris, and triggering inflammatory responses

Front 46

Astrocytes

Back 46

largest, star shaped glia cells. blood-brain barrier

Front 47

Gogli Stain

Back 47

a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their sillouetes

Front 48

Nissl Stain

Back 48

A neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies

Front 49

Electron Microscopy

Back 49

A neuroanatomical technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure

Front 50

Anterior

Back 50

toward the nose end

Front 51

Posterior

Back 51

toward the tail end

Front 52

Dorsal

Back 52

toward the surface of the back or the top of the head (the dorsal surface)

Front 53

ventral

Back 53

towarf the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head (the ventral surface)

Front 54

medial

Back 54

toward the midline of the body

Front 55

lateral

Back 55

away from the midlline toward the body's lateral surfaces

Front 56

superior, inferior

Back 56

refers to the top and bottom of the primate head

Front 57

"proximal" and "distal" according to the CNS

Back 57

proximal= closer to the cns

distal=farther from the CNS

Front 58

Gray Matter

Back 58

composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

Front 59

White Matter

Back 59

composed largely of myelinated axons (it is the myelin that gives the white matter its glossy white sheen)

Front 60

Dorsal Horns

Back 60

the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter

Front 61

Ventral Horns

Back 61

the two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter

Front 62

Dorsal Root Gabglia

Back 62

structures just outside the spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons

Front 63

What serves as a shock absorber for the brain?

Back 63

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 64

which is responsible for providing motor efferent messages to the face from the brain?

Back 64

cranial nerves

Front 65

Which of the following are NOT considered a part of the cerebral cortex?

-partiel lobe
-sensory lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

Back 65

-sensory lobe

Front 66

What are the functions of glial cells?

Back 66

-provide nutritive support to neurons
-clean up neuronal debris
produce myelin

Front 67

the fore brain develops into ________

Back 67

telencephalon, then cerebral cortex and limbic system

Front 68

the nucleus is important because it _______

Back 68

contains genes that ultimitately become expressed as proteins

Front 69

the _____________ surrounds the fourth ventricle

Back 69

hindbrain

Front 70

the substantia nigra is located in which brain dividion

Back 70

mesencephalon

Front 71

a______________hyperpolares a neuron's membrane, and a ___________depolarizes a neurons membrane

Back 71

-inhipitory PSP, excitatory PSP

Front 72

all ESPs and IPSPs recieved by a single neuron are integrated at the__________

Back 72

axon hillock

Front 73

the MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS

and LATERAL GENTRICULATE NECLEUS

are found in the ___________, which is responsible for _____________

Back 73

thalamus, routing incoming informatino to the proper area of the cortex

Front 74

Interneurons in the spinal cord do what?

Back 74

convey messages between sensory and motor neurons

Front 75

the somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system, which function best describes the somatic nervous system?

Back 75

conveys messages about motor output and sensory input between the periphery and CNS

Front 76

neurons recieve their required nutrition from____

Back 76

astrocytes, which convey nutrients from the blood stream

Front 77

which plane divides the brain into left and right halves?

Back 77

sagittal

Front 78

the cell bodies of the sensory afferents of spinal nerves are found in:

Back 78

the dorsal root ganglion

Front 79

what is founf at the presynaptic membrane of a typical neuron?

Back 79

-autoreceptors
-transport molecules
-vesicles
-neuro transmitters

Front 80

microtubules are responsible for:

Back 80

transport of substnaces up and down the axon

Front 81

the telencephalon is comprised of

Back 81

-the cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia

Front 82

the white matter of the spinal cord consists of:

Back 82

-myelinated axons

Front 83

what is the thinnest of the three protective meninges and found closest to the cortex?

Back 83

pia mater

Front 84

sensory perception is coordinated between cerebral hemispheres by the:

Back 84

corpus callosum

Front 85

the hindbrain contains what divisions?

Back 85

metencephalon and myelencephalon

Front 86

stem cells have the potential to____

Back 86

develop into many types of cells

Front 87

apoptosis is an important part of neural development because

Back 87

it allows for un-used connections to be eliminated

Front 88

special compatments generate what?

Back 88

energy required by the cell

Front 89

amino acids are combined to form___

Back 89

proteings by mYNA and ribosomes

Front 90

diencephalis system provides __________

Back 90

communication to the body via hormones

Front 91

basal ganglia is incolved in the control of what?

Back 91

movement

Front 92

during the cell differentiation phase of brain development cells become______________

Back 92

specialized into different types of neuron and glial cells

Front 93

what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 93

part of the autonanic nervous system, its in charge of "rest and digest". Its the division that attempts to return the body to homostasis

Front 94

what are the functions of the somatic nervous system?

Back 94

-transmitting sensory information to the CNS
-controls the movement of skeletal muscles

Front 95

in which cerebral cortical lobe is the primary visual cortex?

Back 95

occipital lobe

Front 96

sensory information enters the spinal cord on the_____ side

Back 96

dorsal

Front 97

what is the forebrain structure/nucleus that directly controls the production of hormones from the pituitary gland

Back 97

hypothalamus

Front 98

name one anatomical difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

Back 98

sympathetic- increase heartrate (automatic reaction to stimuli)

parasympathetic-decrease that heart rate (return to normal)

Front 99

the "central sulcus" divides which two cortical lobes?

Back 99

frontal and parietal

Front 100

what is the difference between a spinal nerve and a cranial nerve?

Back 100

spinal nerves are not located next to the brain like cranial nerves. cranial (and face) nerves are also very short. mainly, the location of them is different

Front 101

in the development of the cerebral cortex, what does the "founder cell" do:
-in the symmetrical phase?
- in the asymmetrical phase?

Back 101

symmetrical phase: the founder cells divide
-asymmetrical phase: the founder cells moves up the scaffolding creating layers superior to the ventricular zone

Front 102

what is the role of the "radial glial" cell in the development of the cerebral cortex?

Back 102

they play a big part in the asymmetrical phase, allowing the "climbing over" of other cells to form the complete cortex

Front 103

what is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 103

in charge of motor coordination

Front 104

in which dicision of the brain does the substantia nigra belong?

Back 104

mes-encephalon

Front 105

what are the components of the CNS

Back 105

brain and spinal cord

Front 106

what are the two "-encephalons" (i.e. subdivisions) in the hindbrain

Back 106

-metencephalon, myelencephalon

Front 107

concerning the ventricular system (i.e the hollowness of the CNS) cerebral spinal fluid flowing from the 3rd ventricle goes to what next section?

Back 107

cerebral aqueduct (pathway) to the 4th ventricle

Front 108

what is the choroid plexus:

Back 108

a structure in the ventricles (all) that produces cerebrospinal fluid

Front 109

which brain division has relatively more sophisticated processing?

Back 109

di-encephalon

Front 110

other than the cerebellum, name one other section in the "hindbrain"

Back 110

-pons

Front 111

which ventricle is found in the midbrain?

Back 111

4th ventricle

Front 112

an afferent nerve sends signals to the _________

Back 112

CNS

Front 113

T or F:

the sympathetic nervous system acts to relax and conserve the body's enery?

Back 113

false

Front 114

a cluster of neural cell bodies in the CNS is called a___

Back 114

nucleus

Front 115

true or false:
a neuron has either a presynaptic region or a postsynaptic region, but not both

Back 115

false

Front 116

true or false:
one mechanism for the reuptake of neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine) involved transporter proteins

Back 116

true

Front 117

atropine is an agoinst for acetylcholine because it blocks________

Back 117

A Ch receptors

Front 118

acoording to descartes the mind exerts its influence on the body through___________

Back 118

the pineal gland

Front 119

what term is used to refer to structures that are found on opposite sides of the body?

Back 119

-contralateral

Front 120

characteristics of autoreceptors:

Back 120

-found on presynaptic cell
-influence presynaptic release of neurotransmitter

Front 121

what part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?

Back 121

axon

Front 122

what structures comprise the midbrain?

Back 122

-tectrum and tegmentum

Front 123

the parasympathetic division of the ANS ia involved in ______

Back 123

activities that increase levels of stored energy within the body

Front 124

what provides some form of protection for the neurons of the central nervous system?

Back 124

-glial cells
-blood-brain barrier
-skull
-meninges

Front 125

a ______ is a large groove in the surface of the human cortex

Back 125

fissure

Front 126

the gray matter of cerebral cortex has a grayish-brown appearance because:

Back 126

of the large number of neuron cell bodies

Front 127

damage to portions of the limbic lobe would be expected to affect______

Back 127

emotion

Front 128

what compose the basal ganglia?

Back 128

-putamen
-caudate nucleus
-globus pallidus

Front 129

diencephalic system provides________

Back 129

communication to the body via hormones

Front 130

limbic system is incolved in _________

Back 130

memory and emotional control

Front 131

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron is called the neuron's:

Back 131

membrane potential

Front 132

the initial, depolarizing phase of an action potential is due to the___________

Back 132

opening of voltage-activated sodium channels

Front 133

what determines the speed of an action potential?

Back 133

-axon diameter
-myelination

Front 134

when a neuron is at rest, there are more____________
Na+ ions where? K+ ions where?

Back 134

Na+ ions outside the neuron than inside the neuron

K+ ions inside the neuron than outside

Front 135

Ca is a positively-charged ion found in higher concentrations outside of the neuron. for a neuron at rest, the electrostatic force will tend to push Ca _________________ and the diffusion force will tend to push Ca ___________

Back 135

inward, inward

Front 136

opening a Cl ion channel will _________ the cell

Back 136

hyperpolarize

Front 137

an action potential occurs once....

Back 137

the membrane poential has been depolarized to its threshold, causing a rapid electrical signal to move down the axon

Front 138

synaptic transmission is terminated by:

Back 138

-neurotransmitter reuptake
-enzymatic deactivation (degradation)

Front 139

neurotransmitters depolarize or hyperpolarize the neuron by:

Back 139

binding to receptors which open ion channels

Front 140

the RESTING membrane potential of a neuron is maintained despite_____

Back 140

the movement of K+ ions across the membrane

Front 141

tthe process of __________ helps the action potential to move quickly down the axon, and is maintained by depolarization at the______

Back 141

saltatory conduction,

nodes of Ranvier

Front 142

if the membrane potential of a neuron reaches its threshold of excitation, the very first thing that happens is:

Back 142

voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open

Front 143

microtubules are reponsible for_________

Back 143

transport of substances up and down the axon

Front 144

Hindbrain Basic Facts:

Back 144

-most primitive brain structure
-surrounds the 4th ventricle
-consists of the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

Front 145

Cerebellum, location and basic facts:

Back 145

hindbrain
-integrates sensory and motor information to coordinate movement
-is aware if you stumble and trip and can help you catch your fall

Front 146

Pons basic information:

Back 146

projects information from cortex to cerebellum
-role in sleep an arousal: REM sleep

Front 147

medulla oblongata basics:

Back 147

-cardiovascular and resperatory functions, muscle tone and arousal

Front 148

what spinal cord grey matter consists of:

Back 148

-cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

-dorsal horns
-central horns

Front 149

spinal cord white matter consists of:

Back 149

myelinated axons

Front 150

dorsal root basics:

Back 150

-carries the sensory axon
-cell body in the dorsal root ganglion

axon enters the spinal cord and either:
1. continues in the brain
2. collapses in the dorsal horn

Front 151

ventral root basics:

Back 151

carries the motor axon
-cell body in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
-axon carries motor information out to the periphery

Front 152

cranial nerves basics:

Back 152

-12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to the ventral surface of the brain

-some sensory
-some motor
-some fixed

-sensory and motor functions of the face, neck, head, and throat