Biophysics Labs Formulas

Front 1

E = hv = hc/λ

Back 1

E=photon's energy
h=Planck constant
v = frequency of radiation
λ= wavelength of radiation
c=velocity of propagation of light in vacuum (3x108 m/s)

Hint 1

spectrophotometry

Front 2

E = ΔE*el + ΔE*v + ΔE*r

Back 2

E= energy of absorbed photon
ΔEel/ΔEv/ΔEr = difference in electronic/vibrational/rotational energy levels

Hint 2

spectrophotometry

Front 3

I*t = I*0 e^(-kd)

Back 3

Lambert Law
I*t= intensity of transmitted beam
I*0 = intensity of incident beam
d = path length
k= λ-dependent absorption coefficient

Hint 3

spectrophotometry

Front 4

T = I*t / I*0

Back 4

T = transmittance
I*t= intensity of transmitted beam
I*0 = intensity of incident beam

Hint 4

spectrophotometry

Front 5

A = - logT

Back 5

A = absorbance
T = transmittance

Hint 5

spectrophotometry

Front 6

A = ε*λ dc

Back 6

Beer Law
A = absorbance
ε*λ = absorptivity
d = path length
c = concentration of absorbing species

Hint 6

spectrophotometry

Front 7

T=10^(-ε*λ dc)

Back 7

Beer-Lambert Law
T= transmittance
ε*λ = absorptivity
d = path length
c = concentration of absorbing species

Hint 7

spectrophotometry

Front 8

Tan α = n

Back 8

n= refractive index of reflecting surface
α = brewster angle (of incidence)

Hint 8

polarimetry

Front 9

[α]*λ = φ / l c

Back 9

φ = rotation angle
[α]*λ = specific rotation
l = path length
c = concentration

Hint 9

polarimetry

Front 10

optical purity = [α]*mixture / [α]*pure component x 100%

Back 10

[α]*mixture = specific rotation of a mixture
[α]*pure component = specific rotation of pure component

Hint 10

polarimetry

Front 11

I= I*0 (cosα)^2

Back 11

Malus's Law
I = intensity of transmitted beam
I*0 = incident beam (on polarizer)
α = angle b/n plane of polarization and transmission axis of polarizer

Hint 11

polarimetry

Front 12

hv = E*K + E*B

Back 12

hv = photon's energy
E*K = kinetic energy of ejected electron
E*B = binding energy of electron

Hint 12

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 13

hv = E*K + hv'

Back 13

hv = photon's energy
E*K = kinetic energy of ejected electron
hv' = energy of scattered photon

Hint 13

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 14

hv = (E*K^+) + (m*op)c^2 + (E*K^-) + (m*oe)c^2

Back 14

(E*K^+) = kinetic energy of positron
(m*op) = rest mass of positron
(E*K^-) = kinetic energy of electron
(m*oe) = rest mass of electron
c = speed of light in vacuum

Hint 14

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 15

I = I*0 e^(-μx)

Back 15

Lambert Law
I = intensity of transmitted beam
I*0 = intensity of incident beam
μ = linear attenuation coefficient (1/m)
x = absorber thickness

Hint 15

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 16

μ*m = μ / d

Back 16

μ*m = mass attenuation coefficient (m^2/kg)
μ = linear attenuation coefficient (1/m)
d= absorber density

Hint 16

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 17

I = I*0 e^(-μ*m dx)

Back 17

Lambert Law
I = intensity of transmitted beam
I*0 = intensity of incident beam
μ*m = mass attenuation coefficient (m^2/kg)
d= absorber density
x = absorber thickness

Hint 17

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 18

I*0/2= I*0 e^(-μ HVL)

Back 18

HVL = half value layer, absorber thickness that reduces I*0 to half
I*0 = intensity of incident beam
μ = linear attenuation coefficient (1/m)

Hint 18

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 19

HVL = ln2/μ

Back 19

HVL = half value layer
μ = linear attenuation coefficient (1/m)

Hint 19

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 20

a = ΔN/Δt

Back 20

a = counting rate
ΔN = # of pulses
Δt = unit time

Hint 20

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 21

a*x = a*0 e^(-μx)

Back 21

Lambert Law
a*x = counting rate for absorber thickness x
a*0 = counting rate for no absorber
μ = linear attenuation coefficient (1/m)
x = absorber thickness

Hint 21

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 22

ln a*x = ln a*0 - μx

Back 22

a*x = counting rate for absorber thickness x
a*0 = counting rate for no absorber
μ = linear attenuation coefficient (1/m)
x = absorber thickness

Hint 22

attenuation of electro. radiation

Front 23

F = η S Δv/Δx

Back 23

F = force needed to maintain a uniform motion of plate
η = viscosity
S = surface area of fluid layer
Δv = diff. in velocity
Δx = diff. in distance b/n 2 fluid layers
Δv/Δx = velocity gradient/rate of shear (1/s)

Hint 23

viscosity

Front 24

τ = F / S

Back 24

τ = shear stress
F = force needed to maintain a uniform motion of plate (constant Δv)
S = surface area of fluid layer

Hint 24

viscosity

Front 25

τ = η Δv/Δx

Back 25

τ = shear stress
η = viscosity
Δv = diff. in velocity
Δx = diff. in distance b/n 2 fluid layers
Δv/Δx = velocity gradient/rate of shear (1/s)

Hint 25

viscosity

Front 26

η = F Δx / S Δv

Back 26

F = force needed to maintain a uniform motion of plate
η = viscosity SI unit = Pa⋅s, kg/(m⋅s) or Poise
S = surface area of fluid layer
Δv = diff. in velocity
Δx = diff. in distance b/n 2 fluid layers
Δv/Δx = velocity gradient/rate of shear (1/s)

Hint 26

viscosity

Front 27

F*S = 6 π r η v

Back 27

Stokes Law
F*S = frictional (Stokes) force
r = radius of ball
η = viscosity
v = velocity of ball

Hint 27

viscosity

Front 28

F*B + F*S = Q

Back 28

F*B = buoyant force
F*S = Stokes force
Q = force of gravity

Hint 28

viscosity

Front 29

4/3 π r^3 d*l g + 6π r η v = 4/3π r^3 dg

Back 29

V=volume of ball (4/3π r^3), d=density of ball material
r= ball radius
g= acc. due to gravity
d*l=density of liquid
η = viscosity
v = velocity of ball

Hint 29

viscosity

Front 30

η = (2r^2 g(d – d*l)) / (9v)

Back 30

d=density of ball material
r= ball radius
g= acc. due to gravity
d*l=density of liquid
η = viscosity
v = velocity of ball

Hint 30

viscosity

Front 31

η / η*0 = 1 +2.5 Φ

Back 31

Einstein's formula
η / η*0 = relative viscosity
η = viscosity of solution of spherical molecules
η*0 = viscosity of pure solvent
Φ = volumic coefficient

Hint 31

viscosity of solutions

Front 32

Φ = V*s / V*t

Back 32

Φ = volumic coefficient
V*s = volume of particles of dissolved substance
V*t = total volume of solution

Hint 32

viscosity of solutions

Front 33

V*s = n N*A v

Back 33

V*s = volume of particles of dissolved substance
n = # of moles of substance
N*A = Avogadro's number (6.02x 10^23 1/mol)
v = volume of a single particle

Hint 33

viscosity of solutions

Front 34

Φ = (c N*A v) / M

Back 34

Φ = volumic coefficient
V*s = volume of particles of dissolved substance
n = # of moles of substance
N*A = Avogadro's number (6.02x 10^23 1/mol)
v = volume of a single particle
c = concentration of solution
M = molar mass

Hint 34

viscosity of solutions

Front 35

η*s = (η / η*0 ) – 1

Back 35

η*s = specific viscosity
η / η*0 = relative viscosity

Hint 35

viscosity of solutions

Front 36

η*s = 2.5Φ

Back 36

η*s = specific viscosity
Φ = volumic coefficient

Hint 36

viscosity of solutions

Front 37

η*int = limc→0 (η*s / c)

Back 37

η*int = intrinsic viscosity
η*s = specific viscosity
c = concentration of solution (tending to 0)

Hint 37

viscosity of solutions

Front 38

η*int = 2.5 N*A v / M

Back 38

η*int = intrinsic viscosity
N*A = Avogadro's number (6.02x 10^23 1/mol)
v = volume of a single particle
M = molar mass

Hint 38

viscosity of solutions

Front 39

r = [(3M η*int ) / (10 π N*A)]1/3

Back 39

r= radius of particle
η*int = intrinsic viscosity
N*A = Avogadro's number (6.02x 10^23 1/mol)
M = molar mass

Hint 39

viscosity of solutions

Front 40

V = π R^4 t Δp / 8ηl

Back 40

Hagen-Poiseuille Law
V = volume of fluid
η = viscosity
R = radius of tube
l = length of tube
Δp = pressure difference
t = time

Hint 40

viscosity of solutions

Front 41

η / η*0 = td / t*0 d*0

Back 41

η / η*0 = relative viscosity
d = density of solution
d*0 = density of water (reference solution)
t = time of flow of solution
t*0 = time of flow of water

Hint 41

viscosity of solutions

Front 42

η = A e^(w*a/kT)

Back 42

η = viscosity
w*a = energy of activation
k = Boltzmann constant
A = constant characteristic for a given fluid
T = absolute temperature

Hint 42

viscosity of solutions

Front 43

j = Δm / Δt

Back 43

j = flux j (kg/s)
Δm= amt. of substance which passes an imaginary surface
Δt = time

Hint 43

diffusion

Front 44

Δm / Δt = –DS (Δc / Δx)

Back 44

Fick’s first law of diffusion
Δm / Δt = flux j (kg/s)
Δc / Δx = concentration gradient
(kg/m^4)
D = diffusion coefficient (m^2/s)
S = surface area

Hint 44

diffusion

Front 45

D = k T/ 6 π r η

Back 45

Stokes-Einstein EQ
k – Boltzman’s constant
T – absolute temperature
r – molecular radius
η - viscosity of the medium
D = diffusion coefficient

Hint 45

diffusion

Front 46

(Δx)^2 = 2Dt

Back 46

Einstein-Smoluchowski EQ
Δx – avg displacement
t – time elapsed since molecule started diffusing
D – diffusion coefficient

Hint 46

diffusion

Front 47

P = D / Δx

Back 47

P = membrane permeability constant (m/s)
Δx – avg displacement
D – diffusion coefficient

Hint 47

diffusion

Front 48

Δm/Δt = PS (c*b – c*a) = PSΔc

Back 48

Δm/Δt = flux j
P = membrane permeability constant (m/s)
S = surface area
c*b - c*a = Δc = difference in concentration of 2 solutions

Hint 48

diffusion

Front 49

C = 2Sa / VΔx

Back 49

C= constant characterizing the measuring vessel
V – volume of solution
Δx – membrane thickness
Sa = active membrane area (the net area of all the membrane’s pores)

Hint 49

diffusion

Front 50

c*a = ½ c*0 (1+e^(-CDt))
c*b = ½ c*0 (1–e^(-CDt))

Back 50

c*a = c of more conc. solution
c*b = c of less conc. solution

Hint 50

diffusion

Front 51

ln (c*0 / 2c*a – c*0) = CDt ln (c*0 / c*0 – 2c*b) = CDt
a = CD

Back 51

c*0 = initial c of c*a
c*a = c of more conc. solution
c*b = c of less conc. solution
C = vessel constant
D = diffusion coefficient
t = time of diffusion
a = slope of line

Hint 51

diffusion

Front 52

ΔV*e = ΔV*0 + RT lnc*i / zF

Back 52

Nernst EQ
ΔV*e = electrode potential
R = universal gas constant (8.31 J/molK)
T = abs temp
z = ion valence
F = Faraday constant (9.65x104 C/mole)
c*i = conc. of metal ions in solution
ΔV*0 = standard electrode potential

Hint 52

EMF of concentration cell

Front 53

ΔV*e = 0.250V + EMF

Back 53

ΔV*e = electrode potential of electrode tested
EMF = electromotive force of cell formed by calomel and tested electrode

Hint 53

EMF of concentration cell

Front 54

u = v / E

Back 54

u = mobility
v = net ion transportation velocity of diffusing ions
E = intensity of electric field

Hint 54

EMF of concentration cell

Front 55

ΔV*d = (u+ - u- / u+ + u-) (RT/zF) ln c*1/c*2

Back 55

Henderson EQ
ΔV*d = diffusion potential
u+ = mobility of cations
u- = mobility of anions
R = universal gas constant (8.31 J/molK)
T = abs temp
z = ion valence
F = Faraday constant (9.65x104 C/mole)
c*1/c*2 = solutions of diff. concentrations

Hint 55

EMF of concentration cell

Front 56

EMF = ΔV*e1 - ΔV*e2

Back 56

EMF = EMF of concentration cell
ΔV*e1 = electrode potential of electrode immersed in sol of conc. c1
ΔV*e2 = electrode potential of electrode immersed in sol of conc. c2

Hint 56

EMF of concentration cell

Front 57

EMF = (RT/zF) ln c*1/c*2

Back 57

Nernst EQ for EMF of CC
EMF = EMF of concentration cell
R = universal gas constant (8.31 J/molK)
T = abs temp
z = ion valence
F = Faraday constant (9.65x104 C/mole)
c*1/c*2 = solutions of diff. concentrations

Hint 57

EMF of concentration cell

Front 58

ΔV*d = EMF*t - EMF

Back 58

ΔV*d = diffusion potential
EMF*t = EMF of cc w/ transference
EMF = EMF of cc w/out transference

Hint 58

EMF of concentration cell

Front 59

P = Σp*i / V

Back 59

P = polarization vector
pi = dipole moments
V = volume of polarized material

Hint 59

dispersion of e.r. of blood

Front 60

P = q / S

Back 60

P = polarization vector
q = charge
S = surface of material in electric field

Hint 60

dispersion of e.r. of blood

Front 61

τ = 4π η r^3 / kT

Back 61

τ = relaxation time
η = viscosity
r = molecular radius
k = Boltzmann constant
T = temperature

Hint 61

dispersion of e.r. of blood

Front 62

K = R*(10^4) / R*(10^6)

Back 62

K = polarization coefficient
R*(10^4) = resistance measured when f of flowing current is equal to 10^4 Hz
R*(10^6) = resistance measured when f of flowing current is equal to 10^6 Hz

Hint 62

dispersion of e.r. of blood

Front 63

i = U/R

Back 63

Ohm's Law
i = current (amperes)
U = electric potential difference (volts)
R = resistance (ohms)

Hint 63

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 64

R = ρ l /S

Back 64

R = resistance (Ω)
ρ = electrical resistivity (Ωm)
l = length of conductor
S = cross sectional area of conductor

Hint 64

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 65

G = 1 / R

Back 65

G = conductance (Siemens or 1/Ω)
R = resistance (Ω)

Hint 65

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 66

σ = 1/ρ

Back 66

σ = electrical conductivity (S/m)
ρ = electrical resistivity (Ωm)

Hint 66

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 67

i = i*a + i*c = zenS(v*a +v*c)

Back 67

i*c = cation current
i*a = anion current
z = ion valence
e = elementary charge
n = # of ions of each sign per unit volume
S = cross section area equal to electrode area
v*a/v*c = anion/cation transportation velocity

Hint 67

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 68

F*E = qE

Back 68

F*E = electric force
q = ion charge
E = electric field

Hint 68

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 69

F*S = 6π r η v

Back 69

Stokes Law
F*S = Stokes force
r = radius of molecule
η = viscosity
v = velocity of molecule

Hint 69

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 70

F*S = F*E
v = qE / 6π r η

Back 70

F*E = electric force
q = ion charge
E = electric field
F*S = Stokes force
r = radius of molecule
η = viscosity
v = velocity of molecule

Hint 70

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 71

v = uE

Back 71

v = transportation velocity
u = ion mobility
E = electric field

Hint 71

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 72

u*A = v*A / E
u*C = v*C / E

Back 72

u*A = anion mobility
u*C = cation mobility
v*A = anion transportation velocity
v*C = cation transportation velocity
E = electric field

Hint 72

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 73

u = ze / 6 π r η

Back 73

u = mobility
z = ion valence
e = elementary charge
ze = q = charge
r = radius of molecule
η = viscosity

Hint 73

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 74

σ = zen (u*A + u*c)

Back 74

σ = electrical conductivity
z = ion valence
e = elementary charge
n = # of ions of each sign per unit volume
u*A = anion mobility
u*C = cation mobility

Hint 74

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 75

Z = (R^2 + (R*c)^2)^½

Back 75

Z = impedance
R = resistance
R*c = capacitive reactance

Hint 75

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 76

R*c = 1/ωC

Back 76

R*c = capacitive reactance
ω = angular frequency of current
C = capacitance

Hint 76

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 77

φ = V*e / V*t

Back 77

φ = hematocrit
V*e = volume of erythrocytes
V*t = total volume of blood

Hint 77

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 78

φ = 2 (σ*p - σ) / (σ + 2 σ*p)

Back 78

Maxwell's formula
φ = hematocrit
σ = conductivity of whole blood
σ*p = conductivity of plasma

Hint 78

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 79

σ = 1 / ρ = l / RS = C / R

Back 79

σ = conductivity
ρ = resistivity
l = distance b/n electrodes
S = electrode surface area
C = l / S = measuring vessel constant

Hint 79

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 80

C = R σ*r

Back 80

C = measuring vessel constant
R = resistance
σ*r = conductivity of reference solution

Hint 80

hematocrit determination by maxwell method

Front 81

ΔV = (RT/zF) ln c*outside/c*inside

Back 81

Nernst EQ
ΔV = electric potential difference
R = universal gas constant
z = ion valence
F = Faraday constant
T = absolute temperature
c = concentration of ions

Hint 81

action potential

Front 82

ΔV = (RT/zF) ln (P*Na [Na]*out + P*K [K]*out + P*Cl [Cl]*in) / (P*Na [Na]*in + P*K [K]*in + P*Cl [Cl]*out )

Back 82

Goldman EQ
ΔV = electric potential difference
R = universal gas constant
z = ion valence
F = Faraday constant
T = absolute temperature
P = membrane permeability for an ion
c = concentration of ions inside or outside

Hint 82

action potential

Front 83

J = qt / S

Back 83

J = stimulus strength
q = ion charge
S = membrane surface area
t = time

Hint 83

action potential

Front 84

J = i / S

Back 84

J = stimulus strength
i = ionic current
S = membrane surface area

Hint 84

action potential

Front 85

log{Q} = 5.44 + 0.756 x log{m} ± 0.05

Back 85

Kleiber EQ
Q = heat produced by individual in 24 hrs (BMR)
m = body mass

Hint 85

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 86

Q = mC*s ΔT

Back 86

Q = amt. of heat released by object
m = mass of object
C*s = specific heat
ΔT = diff. in temperature of water

Hint 86

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 87

Q/t = V/t d C*s ΔT

Back 87

Q/t = rate of heat loss (=MR)
V/t = rate of flow of water
d = density of water
C*s = specific heat
ΔT = diff. in temperature of water

Hint 87

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 88

P= i^2 R

Back 88

P = heater's power
i = intensity of current flowing in power compensation
R = resistance of heater

Hint 88

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 89

Q*p =ΔH

Back 89

Hess Law
Q*p = amt. of heat exchanged b/n a system in the environment (isobaric p = constant)
ΔH = change in enthalpy of the system

Hint 89

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 90

Q*V = ΔU

Back 90

Q*V = amt. of heat released in isovolumic rxn (v=constant)
ΔU = change in internal energy

Hint 90

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 91

w = Q*C / V*(O2)

Back 91

w = energy equivalent of oxygen
Q*C = amt. of heat released if unit volume of oxygen V*O2 is consumed

Hint 91

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 92

RQ = V*(CO2) / V*(O2)

Back 92

RQ = respiratory quotient
V*CO2 = volume of CO2 produced
V*O2 = volume of O2 consumed

Hint 92

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 93

v = ΔV / t

Back 93

v = rate of oxygen consumption
ΔV = volume of air consumed
t = time of experiment

Hint 93

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 94

P= vw = (ΔV / t)(Q / V) = Q/t

Back 94

P = power (MR) of animal
v = rate of oxygen consumption
ΔV = volume of air consumed
t = time of experiment
w = energy equivalent of oxygen
Q = amt. of heat released
V = volume of oxygen consumed

Hint 94

measurement of metabolic rate

Front 95

F=kΔl

Back 95

Hook's Law
F = force applied
k = spring constant
Δl = elongation

Hint 95

examinations of models of NSM

Front 96

F=F*0 e^(-t/τ)

Back 96

F = force decay
F*0 = initial applied force during stretching of model
τ = stress relaxation time, time req. for force F to reach 1/e of the initial value F*0
t = time
(Maxwell)

Hint 96

examinations of models of NSM

Front 97

τ = η / E

Back 97

τ = stress relaxation time
η = viscosity of dashpot
E = Young's modulus of spring
(Maxwell)

Hint 97

examinations of models of NSM

Front 98

ln F = ln F*0 – t/τ
τ = 1/a

Back 98

F = force decay
F*0 = initial applied force during stretching of model
τ = stress relaxation time, time req. for force F to reach 1/e of the initial value F*0
t = time
a = slope
(Maxwell)

Hint 98

examinations of models of NSM

Front 99

Δl = v*c t

Back 99

Δl = elongation
v*c = velocity of creep
t = time
(Maxwell)

Hint 99

examinations of models of NSM

Front 100

Δl= Δl*max (1 – e^(-t/τ*r))

Back 100

Δl = elongation
τ*r = retardation time
Δl*max = max elongation of model
t = time
(Kelvin-Voigt)

Hint 100

examinations of models of NSM

Front 101

τ*r = η / E

Back 101

τ*r = retardation time
η = viscosity of dashpot
E = Young's modulus of spring
(Kelvin-Voigt)

Hint 101

examinations of models of NSM

Front 102

ln (1 - Δl/Δl*max) = - t/τ*r
τ*r = 1/a

Back 102

τ*r = retardation time
Δl = elongation
Δl*max = max. elongation of model
t = time
a = slope
(Kelvin-Voigt)

Hint 102

examinations of models of NSM

Front 103

D = 1/f

Back 103

D = optical power (unit D = dioptre)
f = focal length

Hint 103

retinoscopy

Front 104

D*s = D*1 + D*2 – dD*1D*2

Back 104

D*s = optical power of optical system
D*1/D*2 = optical power of 2 lenses
d = distance b/n 2 lenses

Hint 104

retinoscopy

Front 105

R=1/s*f

Back 105

R = refractive error
s*f = distance of far point of accommodation

Hint 105

retinoscopy

Front 106

R = D*cor.

Back 106

R = refractive error
D*cor = optical power of corrective lens

Hint 106

retinoscopy

Front 107

D*comp. = 1/l

Back 107

D*comp. = optical power of compensative lens
l = distance b/n the patient's eye and examiner's eye

Hint 107

retinoscopy

Front 108

D*cor. = D - D*comp.

Back 108

D = optical power of lens that makes rapid filling of light in pupil
D*cor = optical power of corrective lens
D*comp. = optical power of compensative lens

Hint 108

retinoscopy

Front 109

p*m = dcv*m

Back 109

p*m = acoustic pressure amplitude (Pa)
d = density of medium
c = speed of wave propagating in medium
v*m = max speed of vibration of the medium molecules affected by acoustic wave

Hint 109

equal loudness curves

Front 110

I = E/tS = P/S

Back 110

I = sound intensity [I] = W/m2 (J/sm2)
E = energy carried by wave
S = surface area
t = time
P = E/t = wave power

Hint 110

equal loudness curves

Front 111

I = (p*m)^2 / 2dc

Back 111

I = sound intensity
p*m = acoustic pressure amplitude
d = density of medium
c – speed of wave propagating in medium

Hint 111

equal loudness curves

Front 112

λ = c / f

Back 112

λ = wavelength
f = frequency (Hz)

Hint 112

equal loudness curves

Front 113

ΔI ∝ I
ΔI / I = constant

Back 113

Weber-Fechner Law
ΔI = smallest noticeable difference in stimulus intensity
I = intensity of stimulus already acting

Hint 113

equal loudness curves

Front 114

SIL = 10 log*10 I/I*0

Back 114

SIL = sound intensity level (dB)
I = intensity of sound
I*0 = threshold of hearing 10^(-12) W/m2

Hint 114

equal loudness curves

Front 115

SPL = 10 log*10 p/p*0

Back 115

SPL = sound pressure level (dB)
p*0 = 20x10^(-6) Pa

Hint 115

equal loudness curves

Front 116

P*a ∝ P*i ∝ U^2

Back 116

P*a = power of acoustic wave emmitted by headphones
P*i = power of electric current supplying headphones
U = voltage supplied

Hint 116

equal loudness curves

Front 117

L*p = 10 log P/P*0
L*p = 20 log U/U*0

Back 117

L*p = electric power level (dB)
P = power
U*0 = reference voltage

Hint 117

equal loudness curves

Front 118

RP = 1/ α*min

Back 118

RP = resolving power
α*min = min. angular resolution

Hint 118

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 119

α*min = 1.22λ / D

Back 119

Rayleigh criterion
D = diameter of aperture (part of lens thru which light passes)
α*min = min angular resolution
λ = of light used for observation

Hint 119

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 120

d = λ / 2n(sinu)

Back 120

Rayleigh criterion for d
d = min. distance b/n 2 points of the object that can be separately detectable by the instrument
λ = of light used for observation
n = refractive index of medium separating the objective lens and the specimen
u = aperture angle

Hint 120

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 121

A = n(sinu)

Back 121

Abbe criterion
A = numerical aperture
n = refractive index of medium separating the objective lens and the specimen
u = aperture angle

Hint 121

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 122

d = λ / 2A

Back 122

λ = of light used for observation
A = numerical aperture
d = min. distance d b/n 2 points of the object that can be separately detectable by the instrument

Hint 122

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 123

RP = 1/d = 2A/λ

Back 123

RP = resolving power
d = min. distance d b/n 2 points of the object that can be separately detectable by the instrument
A = numerical aperture
λ = of light used for observation

Hint 123

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 124

m = d*i / d*o

Back 124

m = magnification
d*i - image height/distance
d*o = object height/distance

Hint 124

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 125

m*t = m*o m*e

Back 125

m*t = total magnification
m*o = magnification of objective
m*e = magnification of eyepiece

Hint 125

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 126

m*o = d*i/d*o ≈ l/f*o

Back 126

m*o = magnification of objective
d*i - image height/distance
d*o = object height/distance
l = distance b/n objective and eyepiece lenses
f*o = objective focal length

Hint 126

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 127

m*e ≈ d*d/f*e

Back 127

m*e = magnification of eyepiece
d*d = distance of distinct vision
f*e = eyepiece focal length

Hint 127

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 128

m*t ≈ l d*d / f*o f*e

Back 128

m*t = total magnification
l = distance b/n objective and eyepiece lenses
f*o = objective focal length
d*d = distance of distinct vision
f*e = eyepiece focal length

Hint 128

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 129

s = N*1 k

Back 129

s = distance b/n 2 pts on stage micrometer
N*1 = difference b/n 2 readings in units k

Hint 129

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 130

s = N*2 b

Back 130

s = distance b/n 2 pts on stage micrometer
N*2 = # of divisions of stage micrometer b/n the 2 pts
b = unit of stage micrometer

Hint 130

measurement of d of erythrocytes by microscope

Front 131

k = N*2 b / N*1

Back 131

N*2 = # of divisions of stage micrometer b/n the 2 pts
b = unit of stage micrometer
N*1 = difference b/n 2 readings in units k

Hint 131

measurements of d. of erythrocytes by microscope