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44 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
homologous structures and example
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different organisms that have parts that are similar in structure and embryological development but have different forms and functions
ex. human hand, whale pectoral fin, and a bats wing |
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analogous structures
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similar external forms and functions but different internal structures
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biogenisis
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the theory that living organisms arise from other living organisms
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heterotroph hypothesis
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proposes that groups of organic molecules were formed from the chemical elements in the Earth's primitive ocean-the organic molecules combined, using energy from heat, lightning, solar radiation, and radioactive materials in the rocks
1st organisms- heterotrophs-do not make their own food-like anaerobic bacteria-used free organic molecules in the sea for food-genetic changes made photosynthetic forms of life (autotrophs) which released oxygen and made aerobic forms of life |
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who developed/supported the heterotrpoh hypothesis?
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AI Oparin-experimental data showed that life could have begun in or near the ocean
Stanley Miller-made amino acids in the laboratory to support the hypothesis |
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differences between earth then and now: part of heterotroph hypothesis
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ATMOSPHERE
today- 78% nitrogen, 21& oxygen, small% Carbon dioxide then- hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia, and methane (similar to jupiter and saturn) ENERGY today- ultravoilet radiation absorbed by the ozone, visible light reaches the ground, x-rays, lightning, radioactive elements then- same except also the new formed earth itself TEMPERATURES -much higher then-oceans at boiling point |
energy sources, atmospheres, temps
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what did the ocean being "thin, hot spup" have to do with the heterotroph hypothesis
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under these conditions there were enough energy and inorganic materials to break chemical bonds and reform more complex organic compounds: 1) nucleotides 2) amino acids 3) sugars
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what was stanleyt miller's experiment
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he duplicated the primitive earth environment
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what was AI Oparin's hypothesis?
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that protein likw aubstances called coa cervates formed aggrefates (clusters of large molecules) which were surrounded by a shell of H20 molecules-h20 molecules formed a simple membrane which allowed them to 1) develop biochemical system
2) absorb material from the environment 3) grow in size -splitting |
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Lamarck's theory of evolution
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1) the principle of use and disuse- the more an animal uses a part of its body, the stronger and more developed it becomes (true)
2) the inheritance of acquired characteristics-the characteristics of use and disuse could be passed on to its offspring (false) |
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august weisman
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disproved lamarcks theory of acquired characteristics by removing the tails of mice for 22 generations and all the offspring produced had tails of normal length
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Darwins theory of evolution
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natural selection-nature selects all the survivors-without it, everything falls apart
-6 points of darwins theory |
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THeory of Evolution Part 1- o
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overproduction- more offspring are produced than are needed-
-species population is relatively constant -only a small # of offspring survive to reproduce |
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Point 2- c
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competition-
-food, water, shelter, and living space are needed -compete against all individuals (same and diff. species) -only a small # of offsrping survive to reproduce |
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Point 3- v
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variation-
-no individuals are exactly alike -individual differences may or may not increase organisms chance of survival |
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Point 4-a
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adaptations-b/c of variations
any kind of inherited trait that improves an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in a given environment |
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Point 5-ns
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natural selection-
the environment selects plants and animals with optimal traits to be parents |
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Point 6- s
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speciation-over time (many generations)
-favorable adaptations increase in a species -unfavorable ones will disappear in a species the accumulated (positive) changes will ultimately result in a new species |
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gradualism
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possible rate of evolution
-the evolution of a new species occurs slowly and continuously over thousands/millions of years through the accumulation of small variations |
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puntuated equilibrium
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long periods of no change (equilibrium), then suddenly, in a short time frame, 100 or 1000 years, a new species is formed
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population
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a group of the same species living together in a given region and are able to interbreed
INDIVIDUALS DO NOT EVOLVE, POPULATIONS DO |
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gene pool
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the total of all of the alleles present in a population
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what are some sources of variation
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1) mutations
2) genetic recombination 3) migration-movement of an individual in or out of a given population 4) genetic drift-small populations-a change in the gene pool brought about by chance-decrease the variation of a gene pool |
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genetic equilibrium
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the condition in which allele frequencies (how often an allele occurs) do not change from one generation to the next
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Hardy-Weinberg Law
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sexual reproduction does not alone affect genetic equilibrium
-random mating will ensure that the allele frequency remains unchanged |
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what are the 4 conditions of the hardy weinberg law?
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FOUND IN NATURE:
1) the population must be large 2) Individuals must not migrate in or out of the population ALMOST NEVER FOUND IN NATURE: -Mutations must not occur -reproduction must be completely random *all individuals, not matter their genetic make-up, must have the same chance to produce offspring |
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how does the hardy-weinberg law allow is to discover if evolution os occuring in a population?
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1) failure is a sign that evolution is happening
2) the amount of variation from the prediction is a measure of the speed of evolutionary change |
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structural adaptation
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involves the organism's body
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physiological adaptations
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involves the metabolism of the organism
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camoflauge
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-an adaptation
-the blending of the organism with its environment ex. warning coloration and mimicry |
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warning coloration
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is an indication of whether or not an organism is dangerous
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mimicry
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ability to mimmick a different creature
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directional selection
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extreme phenotype becomes a favorable adaptation
-results from environmental changes or species migration ex. long neck giraffes |
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stabilizing selections
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average phenotype is favored over an extreme phenotype
*MOST COMMON TYPE OF SELECTION* ex. mice in cold climates- small mice cannot borrow low enough and get eaten by a predator-large mice-wrong size and surface area/volume |
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disruptive selection
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-rare
-both ends of the extreme phenotype are favorable adaptations over the average |
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convergent evolution
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natural selection causes unrelated species to resemble each other
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coevolution
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two or more species change in response to each other through competition or cooperative adaptations
-reduces competition between species and benefits all species involved |
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english peppered moths
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found in england
-come in light and dark colors (dark WAS rare) before 1850, light ones had a greater chance for survival b/c their coloration matched the lichen that covered the trees -industrial revolution causes pollution, which darkened the trees, killed the lichen, and the dark phase individuals became dominant |
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range
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a particular region of the earth where a particular species is found
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isolation
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-type of speciation
-anything that prevents 2 groups within a species from interbreeding |
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geographic isolation
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population is divided by a natural barrier
ex. mountain, river, destert, etc. |
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reproductive isolation
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two isolated groups lose the ability to interbreed
-differences in courtship (behavior that initiates mating) -differences in mating time -differences in sex organ structure |
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adaptive radiation
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-a species changges into a number of different species, each living in a new environment
--organisms evolved from a common ancestor |
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polyploidy
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type of isolation
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