Biomolecules

Front 1

Proteins contain...

Back 1

C, O, H, and N

Front 2

What are proteins?

Back 2

Proteins consist of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (CO-NH)

Front 3

Amino Acids

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Chemical compounds that contain 4 functional groups: An amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), A hydrogen (H), and a side chain (R).

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What makes an amino acid a chiral carbon?

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"Asymmetric" - It has four different groups attached to central carbon atom.

Front 5

How many common amino acid groups are there?

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20 and they all have distinctive R groups.

Front 6

Peptide Bonds

Back 6

Two amino acids come together. CO-NH is formed through dehydration synthesis

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Dehydration Synthesis

Back 7

Loss of a water molecule to form a bond

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What type of bond is a peptide bond?

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It is a partial double bond (similar to benzyne) It has resonance and is very strong and stable.

Front 9

Protein Structures

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They are usually a long chain. But if side chains are involved the protein shape could be a secondary structure.

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Secondary Structure

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Forms into Coils or Pleats

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Alpha Helices

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A protein secondary structure that becomes corkscrew shaped

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Beta Barrels

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A protein secondary structure that is sheets upon sheets of amino chains.

Front 13

What bonds hold the secondary structures together?

Back 13

Hydrogen Bonding or hydrophobic interactions

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Tertiary Structure

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The protein chains bend back on themselves

Front 15

8 Essential Amino Acids

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Histidine
Methionine
Valine
Isolucine
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Tryptophan
Theronine

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Tyrosine

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A nonessential amino acid the body makes from another amino acid phenylalanine.

Front 17

Which essential amino acids are aromatic?

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Phenyalanine and Tryptophan

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Hydrophobic Amino Acids

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Those with side chains that do not like to reside in an aqueous environment. Most essential amino acids are hydrophobic. Their side groups do not form hydrogen bonds.

Front 19

Hydrophilic Amino Acids

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Their R groups are capable of forming hydrogen bonds.

Front 20

Carbohydrates

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Sugar! They are organic compounds that contain C, H, and O - Aldehyde (CHO)

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Monosaccharides

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Single Unit of Sugar: They include glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose

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3 Carbon Sugar

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Trioses

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5 Carbon Sugar

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Pentoses: Ribose and Deoxyribose

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6 Carbon Sugar

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Hextoses: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, and Mannose.

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Glucose

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Sugar in our blood. Can have a straight chain of carbon atoms or, more commonly, form a ring structure.

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Fructose

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Sugar that sweetens fruit

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Galactose

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Sugar found in milk. Has the same chemical formula as glucose and therefore is an isomer of glucose.

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Glucose and Fructose become aromatic when?

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Put in water

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What are the functional groups in Monosacc?

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Aldose (glucose) - Contains (CHO)
Ketose (fructose): Contains a ketone group

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Disaccharides

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Two monosaccharides are joined together by dehydration synthesis. They include: Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose

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Sucrose

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Disaccharide: Glucose + Fructose (Table Sugar)

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Lactose

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Disaccharide: Glucose + Galactose (Milk Sugar)

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Maltose

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Disaccharide: Glucose + Glucose (Malt Sugar)

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Polysaccharides

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Long, chain like- polymers that make idea storage products due to their insolubility. They include: Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen.

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Starch

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Polysaccharide: Storage molecule synthesized from glucose by plants

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Cellulose

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Polysaccharide: Synthesized by plans for cell wall construction

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Glycogen

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Polysaccharide: Carbohydrate storage molecule found in muscle and liver cells.

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Lipids

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Organic molecules that are insoluble in water. Include: Neutral Fats, Phospholipids, Steriods

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Neutral Fat

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Lipid: Stores energy fuel, insulate body tissues, and cushions and protects organs. It is located in the cytoplasm.

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Triacylglycerol

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Neutral Fat: Three fatty acid chains attached to a single glycerol molecule.

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Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

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Fatty Acids with one double bond

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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

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Fatty Acids with two or more double bonds.

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Saturated Fats

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Have single bonds between the carbon atoms. Originate from animal sources and are solid at room temp.

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Unsaturated Fats

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Originate from plants and are liquid at room temp.

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Phospholipids

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Glycerol backbone has a a phosphate which makes it polar. It is a modified triglyceride because one of the fatty acid chains were replaced by a phosphate group. Forms the the cheif component of all cell membranes.

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Cholesterol

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Has four interconnected carbon rings. It helps to stabilize all animal cell membranes.

Front 47

Cyclopentanophenathrene

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Chemical class of steriods.

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Glycerol Lipids

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Has a glycerol backbone with fatty acid molecule: Phospholipid and Triacylglycerol are glycerol lipids.

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Nucleic Acid

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Types: DNA,RNA....
Five parts to Nucleic Acids:
Monomers: Nitrogenous Base (A, C, T, G, U)

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Nucleotides

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Made up of three parts: A five carbon sugar, a nitrogen base, and an ion of phophoric acid. The nucleotides make up DNA and RNA.

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polypeptides

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Two or more peptide bonds.