Biomedical Science For Nursing I

Front 1

How are riboses produced and what are they used for? (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 1

Riboses are a product of the pentose cycle and they are used for DNA and RNA synthesis

Front 2

What causes lactose intolerance? (Carbohydrates)

Back 2

Decreased lactase enzyme in gut brush border

Front 3

What is the osmolarity of a 1M solution of glucose? (Osmosis)

Back 3

1 Osmolar. Glucose does not dissociate in water.

Front 4

Approximate volume of a unit of blood? (Volume)

Back 4

0.5 L

Front 5

Functional Residual Volume (Respiration)

Back 5

the amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration = 2L

Front 6

What happens to glucose once glycogen stores are at capacity? (Carbohydrates)

Back 6

Glucose --Fatty Acids --Triglycerides --Transported to and stored as adipose tissue

Front 7

What are deuterium and tritium? (Molarity)

Back 7

Isotopes of hydrogen. Deuterium = 1 proton and 2 neutros, Tritium = 1 proton and 3 neutrons.

Front 8

How is glucose stasis/toxicity tested? (Carbohydrates)

Back 8

By measuring the glucose bound to hemoglobin. HbA1c=glycosylated Hb.

Front 9

Lung function test (Respiration)

Back 9

=forced expiratory vol in 1 second divided by forced vital capacity over 5 seconds = n. 80% in 1 second or 4-5L

Front 10

Where in the body does gluconeogenisis occur? (Carbohydrates)

Back 10

Liver and kidneys

Front 11

What is the osmolarity of CaCl2? (Osmosis)

Back 11

3Osmolar

Front 12

How many L in a dl? (Volume)

Back 12

.1L = 1 dl

Front 13

Polio virus (Respiration)

Back 13

Neurotropic virus which destroys the cell bodies of the phrenic nerve--> iron lung

Front 14

Name 2 polysaccharides (Carbohydrates)

Back 14

Sucrose and Lactose

Front 15

What are atomic isotope? (Molarity)

Back 15

Nuclides or isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Front 16

What is average total body water for an adult male? (Volume)

Back 16

40 L = 60% of body weight

Front 17

2 respiratory diseases which would lower lung function below 80% (Respiration)

Back 17

COPD & abestosis

Front 18

How and where in the the body is glucose stored? (Carbohydrates)

Back 18

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and in muscle

Front 19

Define osmosis. (Osmosis)

Back 19

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a higher to a lower concentration.

Front 20

How many ml in a dl? (Volume)

Back 20

100 ml = 1 dl

Front 21

Residual Volume (Respiration)

Back 21

the amount of air remaining in lung after FVC = 1L

Front 22

How are carbohydrates made in the body?

Back 22

Gluconeogenisis

Front 23

What is the legal definition of intoxication in terms of ethanol concentration in blood stream? (Volume)

Back 23

0.08%-0.1% ethanol = 0.08-0.1 g/dl

Front 24

What is average cardiac output for an adult male at rest? (Volume)

Back 24

5 L/min

Front 25

Minute Volume (Respiration)

Back 25

MV = rr x TV = 7.5L

Front 26

What are functions of carbohydrates? (Carbohydrates)

Back 26

1)source of energy, glycogenolysis
2)energy storage, glycogenisis and 3)component of glycoproteins

Front 27

Euglycemia? (Molarity)

Back 27

Glucose level is in the normal range: 4-5mM

Front 28

%-as in 5% glucose-is another way of saying what? (Volume)

Back 28

%=100 ml or 1dl, 5% glucose=5g glucose/100ml

Front 29

Tidal Volume (Respiration)

Back 29

the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs during each respiratiory cyle = 500 mL (350ml to gas exchange and 150mL of dead space)

Front 30

What is lactose composed of? (Carbohydrates)

Back 30

Glucose & Galactose

Front 31

How many ìl are in 1L? (Volume)

Back 31

1 million ìl = 1 L

Front 32

In fight or flight, what process rapidly delivers glucose to the brain and muscles? (Carbohydrates)

Back 32

Glycogenolysis

Front 33

Total Lung Capacity (Respiration)

Back 33

= VC + RV = c.6L

Front 34

Which hormones control glycogenisis and glycogenolyisis? (Carbohydrates)

Back 34

insulin, epenephrine and glucagon

Front 35

What is the osmolarity of a 1M solution of glucose? (Osmosis)

Back 35

1 Osmolar. Glucose does not dissociate in water.

Front 36

What is sucrose composed of? (Carbohydrates)

Back 36

1 molecule of glucose and 1 of fructose = disaccharide

Front 37

Name 5 steps involved in the conversion of glucose to fatty acids? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 37

1)Glycolysis to pyruvate
2)Pyruvate to acetyl CoA
3)Acetyl CoA's to fatty acid chain elongation (in cytoplasm)
4)Fatty acids packaged as triglycerides in liver
5)Triglycerides stored in adipose

Front 38

A change in the level of HCO3 is considered a ____________ (pH)

Back 38

Metabolic change in pH

Front 39

What causes glucose toxicity? (Carbohydrates)

Back 39

Chronically elevated levels of glucose may cause glycosylation of proteins, changing protein function.

Front 40

Why is surface tension so high? (Respiration)

Back 40

It is the reverse radius of a sphere

Front 41

Name 3 monosachharides (Carbohydrates)

Back 41

Fructose, Galactose & Glucose

Front 42

Vital Capacity (Respiration)

Back 42

Maximum expiration after maximal inspiration = 5L

Front 43

Where in the cell does the Kreb's cycle occur? (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 43

Mitochondria

Front 44

What is the osmolarity of a 1M solution of NaCl? (Osmosis)

Back 44

1M NaCL = 2Osmolar solution

Front 45

Where is most of the CO2 which we exhale produced? (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 45

As given off in the TCA cycle

Front 46

Chloride shift (Respiration)

Back 46

Exchange of HCO3 for Cl- in CO2 removal reaction in the RBC

Front 47

Which 2 cofactors in the Kreb's cycle are responsible for carrying H+ to the cytochromes? (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 47

FAD & NAD

Front 48

What is radioactivity? (Molarity)

Back 48

The spontaneous decomposition of the nucleus of an atom.

Front 49

Oxidative phosphorylation (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 49

The movement of electrons across a gradient to form 30 ATP, requires cytochrome coenzymes and consumes O2. Oxidative=> refers to electron mvmt & Phosphorylation=> refers to ATP production.

Front 50

In what percentages is the resting rate of 250ml/min CO2 removed? (Respiration)

Back 50

60% HCO3, 30% carbamino compounds (HbCO2), 10% dissolved CO2 in plasma

Front 51

Cytochromes (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 51

Iron contining proteins to which FAD and NAD carry H+. This series of enzymes functions as an electron transport system which creates an H+ gradient and heat.

Front 52

Name the following conditions: 1)low blood sugar, 2)normal potassium levels & 3)high blood sodium (Molarity)

Back 52

1)hypoglycemia
2)eukalemia
3)hypernatremia

Front 53

What must occur in the mitochondria prior to the citric acid cycle?(Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 53

The formation of acetyl CoA from acetate and CoA.

Front 54

What RBC enzyme catalyzes dissolution of CO2 in plasma?

Back 54

carbonic anhydrase: CO2+H20-->H2CO3-->HCO3 + H+ (H+ removed by Hb & HCO3 removed by chloride shift)

Front 55

Chemiosmotic Theory (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 55

It takes energy to produce a gradient and as the gradient is dissipated energy is released and harnessed to form ATP.

Front 56

What unit is used to express the number of RBCs and WBCs in the blood? (Volume)

Back 56

number of cells/ìl

Front 57

How is I 131 used in the clinical setting? (Molarity)

Back 57

I 131 is used to destroy thyroid cells.

Front 58

G6PDH deficiency (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 58

The primary x-linked enzyme deficiency leading to hemolytic anemia.

Front 59

What is the MW of NaCl? (Molarity)

Back 59

Na=23
Cl=36
MW NaCl = 59

Front 60

What is hyperglycemia pathognomonic for? (Molarity)

Back 60

Hyperglycemia is pathognomonic for diabetes.

Front 61

When do type II alveolar cells first begin to mature? (Respiration)

Back 61

26-28 weeks gestation

Front 62

General equation for the pentose cycle. (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 62

1)G6P+NAD(P)-->(G6PDH) --> 6-phosphogluconate+NADPH+H+
2)6-phosphogluconate+H20-->(lactonase)-->6-phosphogluconate +H+
3)6-phosphogluconate+NADP+-->(6PGDH)-->ribulose 5-phosphate+CO2+NADPH

Front 63

Plasminogen activators (Respiration)

Back 63

found in the lungs and function by converting plasminogen to plasmin which dissolves clots

Front 64

What occurs in fetal lungs? (Respiration)

Back 64

Amniotic fluid synthesis and glycogen storage

Front 65

Accessory muscles of respiration (Respiration)

Back 65

abdominal muscles for expiration & scalenes for inhalation

Front 66

Name 3 clinical applications of EMR (EMR)

Back 66

1)gamma knife for brain surgery 2)xrays and 3) phototherapy to lower bilirubin in neonates

Front 67

What is the MW of glucose -C6H1206? (Molarity)

Back 67

MW glucose = 180
C= 12x6 = 72
H= 1x12 = 12
O= 16x6 = 96

Front 68

Why is surface tension so high? (Respiration)

Back 68

It is the reverse radius of a sphere

Front 69

Obligate Glycolyzers (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 69

The brain and RBC's rely exclusively on glucose to meet their energy demands.

Front 70

Ventilation (Respiration)

Back 70

Ventilation=expiration:
- chest wals expand and lungs pulled with it
- IPP decreases & becomes more subatmospheric
- alveolar pressure decreases & becomes slightly subatmospheric
- air moves from area of greater to lower pressure (from the atmosphere to the subatmospheric lungs)

Front 71

How does pH affect potassium levels? Give a clinical example.(pH)

Back 71

Acidosis, an increase in body H+ causes K+ to move out of the intracellular space into the blood causing hypokalemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis can cause excessive loss of K+ in the urine. Lab results showing K+ levels may be misleading.

Front 72

What can occur in babies who are born before 26-28 weeks? (Respiration)

Back 72

Respiratory distress syndron (hyaline membrane disease) due to immature type II alveolar cells which produce surfactant

Front 73

What is surfactant composed of? (Respiration)

Back 73

a complex phospholipid composed primarily of lechithin & phosphatidylcholine

Front 74

What is average plasma glucose? (Molarity)

Back 74

4-5 mM

Front 75

What is a photon? (EMR)

Back 75

A particle of EMR

Front 76

Muscles of inspiration (Respiration)

Back 76

Diaphragm & external intercostals

Front 77

Where is surfactant made? (Respiration)

Back 77

it is secreted by type II alveolar cells

Front 78

What do moles measure?

Back 78

The number of particles in given substance. (1 mole of any substance contains as many entities as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon 12 = 6.02 x 10 to the 23rd)

Front 79

What is electromagnetic radiation? (EMR)

Back 79

waves of energy emitted as a consequence of the movement or rapid oscillation of electrons and photons

Front 80

3 structures which defend the lungs from airborne pathogens (Respiration)

Back 80

cilia, mucous and alveolar macrophages

Front 81

2 functions of surfactant (Respiration)

Back 81

10 lowers the surface tension of alveoli and 2)also in adults it prevents collapse of the alveoli/atelectasis

Front 82

Innervation, receptor type and neurotransmitter of the diaphragm (Respiration)

Back 82

innervated by the phrenic nerve, cholinergic-nicotinic receptor, acetylcholine neurotransmitter

Front 83

If RBC's were placed in a 0.01 M solution of NaCl what would would occur and why? (Osmosis)

Back 83

Hemolysis would occur, because 0.01M NaCl is hypotonic. Water would move into the RBC causing it to burst.

Front 84

What are three types of radiation and what does each involve? (Molarity)

Back 84

á radiation = helium ion
â radiation = an electron
ã radiation = photon of high energy electromagnetic radiation

Front 85

How are all alterations of body pH described? (pH)

Back 85

Metabolic & Respiratory
- Metabolic acidosis or ketosis
- Respiratory acidosis or ketosis

Front 86

How is the molecular weight (MW) calculated? (Molarity)

Back 86

MW is obtained by adding the atomic weights (protons + neutrons) of constiuent atoms.

Front 87

What are the molarity and osmolarity of D5W? (Osmosis)

Back 87

D5W = 5% = 5mg/dl = 50g/L
50g/L divided by 180MW =
0.28M = 0.28Osmol

Front 88

What is a 1 Molar (1M) solution? (Molarity)

Back 88

1 mole of a molecule in 1 liter solution = 1M (ex. a 1 L solution containing 1 mole of NaCl is a 1M solution.)

Front 89

What is the plasma concentration of H+ and how is pH calculated? (pH)

Back 89

Plasma H+ = 40nM = 4 x 10-8
pH= -log of H+ concentration
log [4x10-8] = -8 - log4
log of 4 =.6
-8-.6=7.4

Front 90

What can accelerate the maturation of type II alveolar cells? (Respiration)

Back 90

glucocorticoids

Front 91

How much water can be processed by the kidneys and what can water intoxication lead to? (Osmosis)

Back 91

The kidneys can only process c. 1L water/hour. Excessive water intake can lead to the swelling of cells, delirium, coma and death.

Front 92

Define osmolarity. (Molarity)

Back 92

The molarity of a solution multiplied by the number of particles produced by the solute molecules. Osmolarity represents the number of osmotically active particles the molecule is capable of dissociating into.

Front 93

Define buffer (pH)

Back 93

Any substance which maintains body pH despite addition of free H+

Front 94

5 functions of the lungs (Respiration)

Back 94

1)removal of CO2 & uptake of O2, 2)amnitoic fluid synthesis & glycogen storage in the fetus, 3)surfactant production, 4)plasminogen activation and 5)defense from airborne pathogens

Front 95

What is an equivalent (eq)? (Equivalents)

Back 95

???

Front 96

What is the normal range of of plasma sodium? (Molarity)

Back 96

130-140 mM

Front 97

What is an increase in CO2 levels called and what can cause it? (pH)

Back 97

Respiratory acidosis can be caused by a decrease in the rate of respiration or poor ventilation, by COPD and emphysema.

Front 98

Which radioisotope is used to date artifacts? (Molarity)

Back 98

C 14

Front 99

Salt water is 3%. What are its molarity and osmolarity? (Osmosis)

Back 99

3% = 3mg/dl = 30g/L &
30g/L divided by 59MW NaCl = 0.5M = 1Osmol which is hypertonic to plasma. If shipwrecked, never drink salt water which would cause crenation of RBC's.

Front 100

What is the half life of surfactant? (Respiration)

Back 100

14 hours

Front 101

Alkalosis (pH)

Back 101

pH>7.45

Front 102

What is a mole? (Molarity)

Back 102

1 mole is the MW of a compuond in grams. (ex. 1 mole of glucose = 180 grams of glucose and 1 mole of NaCl=59 grams of NaCl)

Front 103

1Meq = ?M (Equivalents)

Back 103

1Meq=1mM

Front 104

What is Molarity? (Molarity)

Back 104

Concentration expressed as the number of moles of a solute per 1L of solution

Front 105

What is the most important buffer pair in the body? (pH)

Back 105

HCO3/CO2

Front 106

What is the first step in glycolysis? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 106

Phosphorylation

Front 107

What is the concentraion of H+ in the stomach during digestion and what is the pH? (pH)

Back 107

H+ c. 0.1M and pH of 0.1M HCl = 1

Front 108

What enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction from pyruvate to lactate? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 108

LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)

Front 109

A change in the level of CO2 is considered a __________ (pH)

Back 109

Respiratory change in pH

Front 110

What must occur before glucose can be metabolized? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 110

Glucose must be transported into the cell by facilitated diffusion or active transport.

Front 111

NS is what %? Calculate the molarity and osmolarity of NS. (Osmosis)

Back 111

NS = 0.9% = 0.9mg/dl = 9g/L
9g/L divided by 59MW NaCl =
0.15M = 0.30smolar
=ISOTONIC

Front 112

What is a decrease in CO2 levels called and what can cause it? (pH)

Back 112

Hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis.

Front 113

Beriberi (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 113

Deficiency in thiamin

Front 114

What conditions can lead to hemolysis? (Osmosis)

Back 114

Sickle cell anemia , enzyme defciencies and transfusion mismatches.

Front 115

What does the phosphorylation of glucose produce as a first step in glycolysis? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 115

G6P (glucose 6 phosphate)

Front 116

Acidosis (pH)

Back 116

pH<7.35

Front 117

Name the hormone and enzyme responsible for glycogenisis. (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 117

Insulin and glycogen synthase

Front 118

What molar solution and osmolarity of NaCl is isotonic with RBC's or body fluids? (Osmosis)

Back 118

0.15M NaCl/0.3Osmolar NaCl isotonic

Front 119

What 2 purposes does phosprylation serve? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 119

1) phosphorylation traps glucose in the cell 2) phosphoryltion is the first step in glycolysis or the breakdown of the 6 carbon glucose molecule

Front 120

Normal pH of plasma? (pH)

Back 120

7.35-7.45

Front 121

Describe cofactors & their role in intermediary metabolism. (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 121

Coenzymes or cofactors are usually obtained via the diet (as vitamins or as deritives of thiamin, niacin, folic acid) and function in intermediary metabolism as H+ and/or electron carriers.

Front 122

What are the effects of mannitol? (Osmosis)

Back 122

Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used to treat cerebral edema by increasing urin flow from the renal tubules.

Front 123

What are the end products of glycolysis? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 123

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH (nicotine adenine dinucleotide) and 2 ATP

Front 124

What is an increase in HCO3 level called and what can cause it? (pH)

Back 124

Vomiting can cause metabolic alkalosis.

Front 125

What is the role of insulin in glucose metabolism? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 125

Insulin mediates the transport of glucose into the cell at the site of the insulin receptor, in conjuction with substrates and the enzyme phosphatidyinositol-3-kinase (PI3K).

Front 126

What is a decrease in HCO3 levels called and what can cause it? (pH)

Back 126

Metabolic acidosis. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) can cause metabolic ketoacidosis.

Front 127

What is the first step in glucose metabolism? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 127

Phosphorylation

Front 128

What can a long hard run cause? (pH)

Back 128

Metabolic/lactic acidosis.

Front 129

Nightblindness (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 129

Deficiency of vitamin A which makes rhodopsin.

Front 130

Which enzymes are responsible for glucose phosphorylation where? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 130

Hexokinase - in virtually all cells & Glucokinase - in the liver and in pancreatic beta cells.

Front 131

Henderson-Hasselbach equation for the HC03/CO2 buffer system(pH)

Back 131

pH = pka + log base/acid
pka for HCO3/CO2 = 6.1
pH = 6.1 + log HCO3/CO2
pH = 6.1 + log 24/1.2
log 24/1.2= log 20 = 1.3
pH = 6.1 + 1.3
pH = 7.4

Front 132

Impaired activation of which enzyme plays is associated with insulin resistance in diabetes and obesity? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 132

phospatidyinostiol-3-kinase

Front 133

Gout is associated with the accumulation of ____ in which cell organelle? (cell structure and function)

Back 133

accumulation of uric acid in the lysosome

Front 134

Pernicious Anemia (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 134

A defieincy in vitamin B-12

Front 135

Proton motive force (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 135

Refers to how the movement of H+ is used to create ATP

Front 136

Scurvy (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 136

Caused by a deficieny in vitamin C

Front 137

Alcohol metabolism generates alot of which cofactor? (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 137

NADH

Front 138

What is the first step in glucose metabolism? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 138

Glycolysis

Front 139

Bax (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 139

A cytosolic protein which induces apoptosis in the mitochondria

Front 140

Name the hormones invloved in glycogenolysis. (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 140

epenephrine and glucagon

Front 141

Final step of TCA general reaction (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 141

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 32 ATP

Front 142

Where is glycogen stored? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 142

In the liver and in muscle

Front 143

4 oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 143

1)cyanide 2)CO 3)insecticides 4)barbiturates

Front 144

What are the 4 fates of glucose-6-phosphate? (Intermediary metabolism)

Back 144

1) glycogen storage in liver or muscle, 2)glycolysis, 3)the pentose cycle or 4)conversion into fatty acids

Front 145

What is end the product of anaerobic respiration? (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 145

Lactic acid

Front 146

Apoptosis (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 146

Programmed cell death. Occurs as a result of the mvmt of Bax into the mitchodria where it reacts with translocater protein thereby increasing membrane permeability and destroying the proton gradient force required for the production of ATP => cell death.

Front 147

Which is the tripeptide in RBC's intimately involved in the detoxification of of toxic oxygen metabolites? (Intermediary Metabolism)

Back 147

Glutathione (GSH)

Front 148

What two organs are primarily responsible for maintaining body pH? (pH)

Back 148

kidneys & lungs

Front 149

Storage form of fatty acids? (Lipids)

Back 149

Triglycerides

Front 150

3 fates of CO2 (Respiration)

Back 150

1)CO2 dissolves in plasma & exerts partial pressure b/x 40-46 mmHg. 2)CO2+H2O-->H2CO3-->HCO3- + H+, (accelerated by carbonic anhydrase in RBCs once HCO3 is echanged in Cl shift and once H+ is buffered by Hb). 3)CO2 binds to Hb directly to form carbamino compound (CO2 knocks O2 off of Hb thereby increasing O2 delivery to body tissues)

Front 151

3 CNS centers for repiration & their functions (Respiration)

Back 151

1)Medullary--> rhythmicity center with inspiration & expiration areas that set background pace of breathing. 2)Apneustic (mid-lower pons)-->apneusis is cessation of breathing in inspiratory position, in quiet breathing this center deepens inhalation, in order for expiration to occur it is inhibited by the pneumotaxic. 3)Pneumotaxic (upper pons)--> inhibits the apneustic center & promotes passive or active exhalation.