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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of the lymphatic system
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-spleem, lymph nodes, lymph and lymph vessels, left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct), tonsils, thymus, bone marrow, right lymphatic duct
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What is the difference between intercellular fluid and lymph
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Intercellular fluid in between cells. Lymph is located inside lymph vessels
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Intercellular fluid and lymph is similar to plasma except
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1.. they have less protein than blood plasma
2. have more variation in # of WBC 3. Have more variation in types and amounts of organiz molecules than blood plasma |
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Trace the route of lymph circulation
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1. lymph capillaries
2. lymphatics 3. right or left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) 4. subclavian veins |
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What are the clinically important groups of lymph nodes. What may enlargement indicate?
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- Submandibular
- axillary - cervical - inguinal **Enlargement may indicate a pathological condition** |
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How is lymph moved? What can obstruction cause?
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Lymph is moved by milking action of skeletal muscles (valves) and respiratory movements. Obstruction/malfunction causes edema or swelling because of accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces.
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What is nonspecific resistance to disease
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A wide variety of mechanisms that act against a wide variety of potential pathogens
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What is specific resistance to disease
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Specific immune mechanisms (antibodies, T cells) that act against specific germs/toxins or microorgansims
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Describe chemical factors as a nonspecific resistance mechanism
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HCL in the stomach
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Describe interferon as a nonspecific resistance mechanism
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Interferes with viral replication
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Describe complement as a nonspecific resistance mechanism
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Plasma proteins that attract granulocytes (maily neutrophils) leading to inflammation
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What is an antigen
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Anything (usually a large protein of the surface of a invading germ) that stimulates the body to produce antibodies. The antigen should react with the antibody
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What is an antibody
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- a globular protein (general)
- a gamma globulin (more specific) - an immunoglobulin (specific) **One antibody is produced by the body in response to a specific antigen in order to help activate that antigen** |
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What are antibodies responsisble for?
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Toxin neutralization and precipitation, viral neutralization, agglutination, bacterial opsonization
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What to opsonins do?
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Coat the body with bacteria which renders whem susceptible to phagocytosis
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What is the antigen-antibody response
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The process by which an antigen and an antibody react with each other, thereby inactivating the invading antigen
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What 2 cells make up the immune system
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T cells and B cells
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What is cellular immunity
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Is carried out by T cells; cellular immunity is responsible for immune surveillance of cancer cells and transplants
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What is antibody mediated immunity
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- also known as humoral immunity
- It is carried out by B cells which convert to plasma cells which produce antibodies |
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Where do T and B cells originate?
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- maily from stem cells in bone marrow
- T cells mature in thymus - B cells mature in bone marrow(spleen, tonsils, Peyers patch, adenoids, liver - They both them go to the lymph nodees and tissue |
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What is humoral immunity
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-refers to antibodies (not T cells)
- B cells convert to plasma cells - plasma cells produce antibodies |
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What happens in a primary immune response
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- 1st exposure to antigen
- 2 to 3 day delay - antibody level low |
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What happens in a secondary immune response
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- subsequent exposures
- very little delay - antibody level high |
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What does immunization do?
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Induces a safe primary response so later exposures induce a secondary response
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What do T cells provide
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an immunologic surveillance ..they watch for and destroy cancer cells. Cancer cells are recognized by proteins on their cell membrane
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Describe monoclonal
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Antibodies are make by one clone of identical labe grown B cells. This makes on pure antibody wich will attack only on antigen. Promising as a cancer treatment.
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Describe allergies
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-hypersensitivity
- abnormal increased response to an antigen |
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Describe tissue rejection
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Immune system attacks transplanted organs
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Describe immunosuppresive therapy
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Intentional suppression of immune system to avoid rejection of transplanted organ. Problem of how to avoid infection (cyclosporin)
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Describe autoimmune disease
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The immune system attacks own body and produces autoantibodies against various tissue.
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What are some example of autoimmune disease
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-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- diabetes 1 - MS |
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Describe AIDS
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Immune system is directly attacked, making the victim susceptible to other bacteria and viruses
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What is natural active immunity
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An actual disease that stimulates body to produce antibodies
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What is natural passive immunity
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Mother's antibodies cross placenta and confer temporary protection to the baby
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What is artificial active immunity
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an injection of a dead or weakened germ stimulates your body to make antibodies
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What is artificial passive immunity
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An injection of a previously made antibody confers immediate but temporary protection to the recipient (someone else's immunity)
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What is inflammation
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The body's response to tissue injury to restore homeostasis, to concentrate body defenses at site of injury, to minimize injury and speed healing
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What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation
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pain, redness, edema and heat
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What are the stages of inflammation?
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See 11.18
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What causes redness in an inflammation
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vasodilation
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What causes edema in an inflammation
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mainly fluid exudate owing to increased capillary permeability
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What causes heat in an inflammation
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vasodilation due to increased local metabolism
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What causes pain in an inflammation
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direct to nerves, irritation to nerves owing to increased capillary permeability pressure from edema
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What is pus
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A collection of WBCs, bacteria and debris
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What is an abscess
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excess accumulation of pus in a confined area
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What is ulcer
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Surface would that heals slowly
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What are parenchymal cells
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(regeneration) general name...cells that form functional tissue
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What are stromal cells
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General name...cells that form structural framework
excess of nonfunctional retucular fibers scar tissue (fibrotic tissue) |
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What is the reproductive potential of
epithelial cells muscle and nerve liver and spleen |
-epithelial cells and continually reproduce
-muscle and nerve usually cannot reproduce - liver and spleen and sometimes reproduce |
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What are adhesions
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tissue stuck together from inflammation and fibrosis
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What are scabs
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Fibrinogen/fluid exudate that hardens and dries
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WHat is granulation tissue
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"proud flesh", red, rapidly growing connective tissue that heals a woulnd
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How does vitamin C promote healing
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Vitamin C affects the production and maintenance of intracellular substance which is required in the synthesis of collagen. It also strengthens and promotes new blood vessel formation
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Why do younger people heal faster than older people and have a more active immune system
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Younger people have a better untritional state, better blood supply and higher metabolic rate.
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What are the stages of inflammation
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1. release of histamine
2. histamine causes vasokilation 3. vasodilation causes increase blood flow thich eliminates waste and carries neutrophils (phagocytosis), fibronogen (traps bacteria and clots) and nutrients to area 4. Vessel permeability increases (sludging) 5. Fluid exudate (immediate) Fibrinogen---fiber..clotting 6. Cellular exudate (1 hour) neutrophils and monocytes form pus 7. Resolution |
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