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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two parts of the cytoplasm |
Cytosol and organelles |
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Cytosol |
Fluid portion: water and dissolved solutes Major site of chemical reactions |
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What does compartmentalization mean? |
Each organelles has it's own unique function apart from the cell but they are work together for overall function? |
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What are some other components found in cytoplasm? |
Cytoskeletal elements Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
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The membrane divides the cytoplasm into 3 district compartments: |
Endomembrane system, Membranes of organelles Components without membranes |
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What is the endomembrane system? |
PM, ER, golgi, lysosomes, nucleus, secretory vesicles |
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Membranes of organelle examples |
mitochondria Peroxisomes chloroplasts |
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Components without membranes |
Cytosol, ribosomes, cytoskeleton |
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What is a mitochondria? |
Generates ATP - uses oxygen Contains ribosomes - synthesis proteins Present in cells with high levels of activity Consists of outer and inner cristae with a matrix between |
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What are some examples of cells rich in mitochondria? |
Ciliated cells - ATP for movement of cilia Ion transferring cells - ATP for transport Sperm cells - propulsion |
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Where is mitochondria found in sperm? |
Middle piece of spermatozoa |
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What metabolic processes occur in the mitochondria? |
CAC - pyruvate to acetyl CoA Oxidative phosphorylation and ETC |
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What is in the mitochondrial matrix? |
Proteins Circular - double stranded DNA RNA Electron dense granules (ca) Enzymes for CAC Enzymes for fatty acid B-Ox |
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Functions of ribosomes |
Synthesis proteins for internal use or export |
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What is the ribosome made up of? |
2 difference sized subunits which are composed of rRNA (one number and 1 S , i.e. 60S) |
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What are the two classes of ribosomes |
Prokaryotic - Chloroplasts and mitochondria Eukaryotic |
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Where is ribosomal RNA made?
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nucleus |
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Where are proteins made? |
cytoplasm |
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What is a polysome or polyribosome? |
A cluster of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule |
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What is the function of ribosomes? |
Protein translation |
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What side of the ER is covered in ribosomes? |
The cytosolic side |
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What is the ER |
interconnected tubules, vesicles, and sacs Single membrane that connects to the nucleus Contains cisternae and cisternal spaces |
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What are the two types of ER? |
SER and RER |
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What is the function of the ER? |
Lipid and protein biosynthesis |
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Where is the RER usually seen? |
In cells specialized for protein secretion (pancreatic cells, fibroblasts, plasma cells) |
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What is the function of the RER? |
Glycosylation of glycoproteins, synthesis of phospholipids, assembly of multi chain proteins Post translational modification of newly formed polypeptides |
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What are some structural differences between RER and SER? |
RER - Cisternae are sac like and flattened SER - Cisternae are tubular - lack associated ribosomes |
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Where is the SER usually seen? |
In cells that synthesize steroid hormones or phospholipids - LIVER, testes adrenals |
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What is the function of the SER?
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participates in the contraction process of muscle cells - specialized form is the sarcoplasmatic reticulum |
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Function of the golgi complex |
Packing, concentration and storage of secretory products |
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Consists of 3 small cavities : |
Cis-face - facing RER Medial Cisternae - Enzymes to modify proteins Trans-face - facing cytosol |
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Lysosomes |
Contain digestive and hydrolytic enzymes to digest substances brought into the cell via endocytosis Have an acidic internal pH |
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Proteosomes |
Contain proteinase enzymes that break down old, damaged, or unwanted proteins Release A.A for recycling |
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Where do the AA from the proteosomes go? |
To the liver for recycling |
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Peroxisomes |
Contain catalase and oxidase enzymes that use redox reactions to convert toxic substances into neutral molecules Catabolize long chain fatty acids |
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Why do lysosomes have an H pump? |
Must pump protons into the compartment to break down (need low pH) |
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What is Tay-Sachs Disease? |
Genetic disorder caused by the absence of single lysosomal enzyme - glycolipids accumulate and nerve cells lose functionality |
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How many membranes do lysosomes have? |
Single membrane |
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Process of phagocytosis by lysosomes |
1. macrophage moves forward to bacteria 2. Bacteria is engulfed 3. Bacteria contained in vesicle 4. lysosome fuses with vesicles and releases phagocytic enzymes 5. Bacteria destroyed and digested 6. Undigested remained of bacteria |
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Process of autophagy by lysosomes |
1. Membrane engulfs components to be degraded Form autophagosome 2. lysosome connects to autophagosome 3. Cell components are degraded by lysosomal enzymes |
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Proteosomes remove what? |
Excess enzyme proteins misfolded proteins Virus encoded proteins |
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What is the shape of a proteosomes? |
Barrel |
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What is the regulatory particle for proteasome? |
ATPase |
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Where are proteasome found? |
nucleus and cytoplasm |
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How do proteasome recognize proteins that need to be degraded? |
Proteins will have ubiquitin attached
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What do oxidase and catalase enzymes do? |
Remove hydrogen from organic molecules - trans free radicals like hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen Degrade toxic molecules and prescription drugs |
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Where are peroxisomes usually found? |
lots in the liver |
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Need to label animal cell |
wee |
