Biomed 1

Front 1

Human Physiology

Back 1

Basic sciences dealing with normal life of the human body

Front 2

Goal of physiology

Back 2

Explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life

Front 3

What makes something considered alive?

Back 3

1) Metabolism

2) Responsiveness

3) Movement

4) Growth - division or growth

5) Differentiation - i.e. specialization

6) Reproduction

Front 4

What are the 3 types of muscle cells?

Back 4

1) Smooth

2) Cardiac

3) SKM

Front 5

Organization of the human body

Back 5

1) Cell

2) Tissue

3) Organ

4) Organ systems

5) Body

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Organism

Back 6

total of all organ systems working together

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Organ system

Back 7

several different organs working together to perform a major bodily function

Front 8

Organ

Back 8

cooperative union of multiple tissue types working together to perform a single function

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Tissue

Back 9

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

Front 10

Cell

Back 10

Smallest living unit of the body

Front 11

Molecular

Back 11

made of atoms covalently bonded together

Front 12

Atoms

Back 12

stable units of matter

Front 13

What are the four major tissues?

Back 13

1) Epithelial

2) Connective

3) Muscle

4) Nervous

Front 14

Variations in the epithelial cells:

Back 14

Can be one layer, many layers and can also be different shapes etc.

Front 15

Epithelial cell functions

Back 15

cover tissues and organ systems

Front 16

Connective tissue types

Back 16

1) Hard CT - Bone

2) Liquid CT - blood

3) Resilient CT - Cartilage

Front 17

Nervous tissue types

Back 17

1) Neurons

2) Neuroglia cells etc.

Front 18

Examples of organ systems:

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1) Digestive

2) Respiratory

3) Circulatory

4) Lymphatic and immune

5) Excretory

6) Endocrine

Front 19

Father of modern physiology

Back 19

Claude Bernard

Front 20

Homeostasis

Back 20

The internal environment stays relatively constant even though there are changes in the external environment

Front 21

How is homeostasis maintained at high altitude?

Back 21

High altitude = low oxygen = secretion of erythropoietin (kidney - tells us O2 is low) = reticulocytes increase

Front 22

What are some of the important components of your internal environment that must be kept within normal physiological range?

Back 22

1) BP

2) Oxygen levels

3) Glucose Leves

4) CO2 levels

5) Antibodies

Front 23

Normal pH levels

Back 23

7.35 to 7.45

Front 24

Normal bicarbonate

Back 24

24-28 mEq/L

Front 25

Normal Arterial BP

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80-120 mm/Hg

Front 26

Normal O2 concentration

Back 26

17.2-22.0 ml/100ml

Front 27

Normal lipids

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400-800 mg/100ml

Front 28

Normal Glucose

Back 28

3.9-6.1 mmol/L

Front 29

Erythropoietin

Back 29

Travels to the red bone marrow and in the red bone marrow we make precursor cells for making more RBC - reticulocytes increase

Front 30

Homeostatic sensors (or receptors)

Back 30

Detect changes in the internal environment

i.e. baroreceptors or thermal receptors

Front 31

Homeostatic comparator

Back 31

Fixes the set point of the system. The set point will be the optimum condition under which the system operates

Typically CNS or brain or bone marrow

Provides the output

Front 32

Homeostatic Effectors

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Bring the systems back to the set point

Front 33

Negative Feedback

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The output shuts off the original stimulus

Stops the system from overcompensating

Response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis

Front 34

The homeostatic system signalling order

Back 34

Variable that disrupt homeostasis to sensor receptors to comparator to controller (i.e. brain) to effectors back to the regulated variable

Front 35

Feedback

Back 35

Process in which a part of output from a controlled organ returns to affect or modify the action of the control system

Front 36

Hypothalamus negative feedback loop example

Back 36

Front 37

Why do we need the hypothalamus negative feedback loop?

Back 37

Too much thyroid hormone as the product could lead to hyperthyroidism.

Front 38

Body temperature feedback loop

Back 38

Front 39

Osmoreceptors

Back 39

Sense the increase in the concentration of the blood plasma

Front 40

Baroreceptors

Back 40

Sense pressure changes

Front 41

Chemoreceptors

Back 41

Sense changes in chemical and gas concentrations

Front 42

Wound - Positive Feedback Example

Back 42

Front 43

Positive Feedback Definition

Back 43

The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

i.e. Blood clotting, labour

Front 44

Chemical (hormonal) regulation

Back 44

Regulatory process performed by hormones or active chemical substance in blood or tissues

Front 45

Chemical regulation response time

Back 45

Responds slowly, acts extensively and lasts for a long time

Front 46

Nervous regulation

Back 46

Process in which body functions are controlled by the nervous system

Front 47

Nervous regulation pathway

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Nerve reflex - Conditioned or unconditioned

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Nervous regulation response time

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Responds quickly, acts locally, and lasts for a short time

Front 49

Nervous regulation example

Back 49

barorecptor reflex of arterial blood pressure

Front 50

Nervous system organization at the level of sensors and effectors

Back 50

Front 51

Components of the body

Back 51

60% water

15% proteins

7% nucleic acids

2% CHOS

2% lipids

2% ions

3% other

Front 52

Water distribution in ICF and ECF

Back 52

ICF is 2/3

ECF is 1/3 - Interstitial is 4/5 and plasma is 1/5

Front 53

Extracellular fluid in blood vessels

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Blood plasma

Front 54

ECF around brain and spinal cord

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Cerebrospinal fluid

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ECF around the joints

Back 55

Synovial fluid

Front 56

ECF around eyes

Back 56

Vitreous body

Front 57

ECF in lymphatic vessels

Back 57

lymph

Front 58

Two cell types?

Back 58

Pro and eukaryotic cells

Front 59

Prokaryotes

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Microroganisms

Front 60

Eukaryotes

Back 60

Animal Cells, human cells and are more sophisticated in terms of cell organelles

Front 61

Minimal common components of the cell

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1) Cell membrane - phospholipids

2) Membrane proteins - receptors

3) Cytoplasm

4) Cytoskeleton ( microtubules, microfilaments (actin), & intermediate filaments)

Front 62

Erythrocyte Functions

Back 62

Cells that store nutrients

Cells that connect body parts, form linings or transport gases

Front 63

Neutron Cell Functions

Back 63

Cells that father info and control body functions

Front 64

Smooth Muscle Cell Functions

Back 64

Cells that move organs and body parts

Front 65

Fibroblasts Functions

Back 65

Cells that connect body parts, form linings or transport gases

Front 66

Epithelial Cells Functions

Back 66

Cells that connect body parts, form linings or transport gases

Cells that store nutrients

Front 67

Fat Cell Functions

Back 67

Cells that store nutrients

Front 68

Macrophage Functions

Back 68

Cells that fight disease

Front 69

SKM Functions

Back 69

Cells that store nutrients

Cells that move organs and body parts

Front 70

Sperm Functions

Back 70

Cells that store nutrients

Front 71

Ectoderm

Back 71

Skin and brain and pigment cells

Front 72

Endoderm

Back 72

Digestive System

Front 73

Mesoderm

Back 73

Muscle and connective tissues

Front 74

Osteoclast

Back 74

degrade bone

Front 75

Chondroblast

Back 75

Builds cartilage

Front 76

Compare and Contrast a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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Cytosol Components

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1) Cytoplasm

2) Intracellular fluid

3) Metabolic reactions

4) Cytoskeleton

5) Signal transduction

6) Residual bodies

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Residual bodies

Back 78

Nonliving intracellular particles i.e. lipofuscin in neutrons and CV tissue

Front 79

Intracellular Fluid components in the cytosol

Back 79

Water, dissolved solutes, proteins, CHOS, lipids electrolytes, organelles