Biomechanics Ch.3

Front 1

sagittal plane

Back 1

cut down the middle (nose) of your body

Front 2

frontal plane

Back 2

cuts from front to back

Front 3

transverve plane

Back 3

cut body into top and bottom

Front 4

antero-posterior axis

Back 4

from front to back

Front 5

medio-lateral

Back 5

from lateral to medial

Front 6

longitudinal

Back 6

straight through the top of the body

Front 7

superior

Back 7

towards the head

Front 8

inferior

Back 8

towards the feet

Front 9

anterior

Back 9

towards the front

Front 10

posterior

Back 10

towards the back

Front 11

medial

Back 11

towards the middle

Front 12

lateral

Back 12

towards the outside

Front 13

valgus

Back 13

knock kneed

Front 14

varus

Back 14

bowlegged

Front 15

abduction

Back 15

motion away from the midline in the frontal plane

Front 16

adduction

Back 16

motion towards the midline in the frontal plane

Front 17

pronation

Back 17

Ex. Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is down

Front 18

flexion

Back 18

The process of bending or the state of being bent. Flexion of the fingers results in a clenched fist

Front 19

extension

Back 19

The process of straitening or the state of being strait. Extension of the hip and knee joints is necessary to stand up

Front 20

supination

Back 20

Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm is up

Front 21

inversion

Back 21

To invert the foot is to move its forepart toward the midline of the body

Front 22

eversion

Back 22

To evert the foot is to move its forepart away the midline of the body

Front 23

fascicles

Back 23

many distinct bundles of muscle fibers

Front 24

Epimysium

Back 24

connective tissue sheath that surrounds the whole muscle

Front 25

perimysium

Back 25

connective tissue that covers the fascicles

Front 26

endomysium

Back 26

muscle fibers that are covered with connective tissues

Front 27

parrelle fascicles

Back 27

muscle fibers that are aligned along the long axis or line of pull of the muscle

Front 28

pennate fascicles

Back 28

short and attach obliquely to a long tendon that extends across the entire muscle

Front 29

unipennate

Back 29

the muscle resembles one half of a feather (the tendon is represented by the shaft of the feather).

Front 30

bipennate

Back 30

resembles a complete feather, with fascicles attached to both sides of a central tendon

Front 31

active tension

Back 31

forced muscle contraction

Front 32

passive tension

Back 32

a component of muscle
tension from passive stretching of muscle

Front 33

passive insufficiency

Back 33

the limitation of joint motion because of increases in
passive tension in multiarticular muscles
stretched across multiple joints

Front 34

force tension

Back 34

optimal length for myosin head and actin binding

Front 35

myosin

Back 35

the large filaments in a myofibril that interact with actin to create muscle tension

Front 36

myofibril

Back 36

the small cylindrical filaments
that make up a muscle fiber/cell

Front 37

actin

Back 37

the thin filaments in a myofibril that interact with myosin to create muscle tension

Front 38

sarcomere

Back 38

the functional unit of a myofibril; a sarcomere is the region between two Z disks

Front 39

isokinetic

Back 39

(“same, or constant, motion”),
the condition where activated muscles create constant joint angular velocity

Front 40

isometric

Back 40

(“same, or constant, length”),
the condition where activated muscles create a torque equal to the resistance torque, so there is no joint motion

Front 41

isotonic

Back 41

(“same, or constant, tension”),
the condition where activated muscles work against a constant gravitational resistance; muscle tension is not constant in these conditions

Front 42

contractile component

Back 42

a part of the Hill muscle model that represents the active tension and shortening of actin and myosin

Front 43

parallel elastic component, PEC

Back 43

Hill muscle model, represents the passive tension from connective tissue throughout the muscletendon unit

Front 44

series elastic component

Back 44

a part of the Hill muscle model that represents the passive tension of connective tissue in
series with the contractile component

Front 45

agonist

Back 45

an anatomical term referring to the concentric action of a muscle or muscle group for presumed to create a specific movement

Front 46

antagonist

Back 46

an anatomical term referring to a muscle or muscle group that is presumed to oppose (eccentric action) a
specific movement