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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Purpose of skeletal system |
1. protect internal organs 2. production of RBC 3. Muscle action, body movement 4. Provide muscle attachment sites |
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_______ adaptive to mechanical demands |
Wolff's law |
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The skeletal system is ______ vascular |
highly |
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Main job of skeletal system is to allow ____________ and _____________ |
stability mobility |
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Structural properties of the skeletal system |
1. second to dentin/enamel as hardest part of the body 2. metabolically active throughout life Highly vascular 3. Adaptive to mechanical demands 4. Mineral salts (calcium, phosphate) 5. Allow for pliability |
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2 Skeletal systems |
Axial Appendicular |
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Axial skeleton has ____ bones |
80 |
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Axial skeleton is the ____ ____ of the body |
Central pillar |
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Axial skeleton is composed of _____ skull bones, ____ spinal column bones and ____ thorax bones |
22, 33, 25 |
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Appendicular skeletal system has ___ bones |
126 |
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Upper bones |
1. scapula: 2 2. clavicle: 2 3. humerus: 2 4. radius: 2 5. ulna: 2 6. carpals: 16 7. metacarpals: 10 8. phalanges: 28 |
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Lower bones |
1. Hipbone: 2 2. Femur: 2 3. Tibia: 2 4. Fibula: 2 5. Patella: 2 6. Tarsals: 14 7. Metatarsals: 10 8. Phalanges: 28 |
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Condyle |
rounded process of a bone that articulates with another bone |
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Epicondyle |
a small condyle |
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Facet |
small, fairly flat, smooth surface of a bone, generally an articular surface |
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Foramen |
hole in a bone through which nerves or vessel pass |
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Fossa |
shallow dish-shaped section of a bone that provides space for an articulation with another bone or serves as a muscle attachment |
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Process |
a bony prominence |
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Tuberosity |
raised section of bone to which a ligament, tendon or muscle attaches. usually created by the stress of the muscle's pull on that bone during growth |
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2 types of bone growth |
longitudinal, circumferential |
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Another name for longitudinal growth |
Interstitial growth |
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LG occurs at ____________ _________ |
epiphyseal plate (growth plate) |
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The growth plate seals at ___ - ____ years of age |
18-25 |
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Another name for circumferential growth (2) |
appositional growth, cross sectional growth |
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Circumferential growth is closely related to _____ ____ |
Wolff's law |
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Wolff's law |
Bone is laid down where needed and reabsorbed where not needed |
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The shape of bone reflects its _______ |
function |
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Osteoclasts |
resorbs of take-up bone |
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Osteoblasts |
lay down new bone |
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Osteoporosis causes |
resorption of bone age astronauts lack of mechanical stresss |
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What happens to Ca during osteoporosis |
Ca levels decrease Ca is removed through the blood via kidneys |
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Types of bones: |
Irregular Flat Short Long Sesamoid |
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Irregular bones |
1. Asymmetrical shape 2. Generally in a position to withstand direct loading 3. Provide limited range of motion |
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Vertebrae is what type of bone? |
Irregular |
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Flat bones |
1. have relatively large smooth areas 2. best suited for protection |
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Cranial bones are an example of _______ bones |
Flat |
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Short bones |
1. small, compact shaped bones 2. designed to fit into unique spaces within the body |
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Wrist and ankle is an example of ______ bones |
short |
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Long bones |
1. long central shaft and are topped at either end with load bearing surfaces 2. length of bone is disporportional to the width of the bone 3. designed to provide longer levers to the body |
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Sesamoid |
1. usually small, and flat in general shape 2. Provides the joint a fulcrum to work against |
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2 major purposes of sesamoid bones |
1. protection 2. increase mechanical advantage |
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Platella is an example of a __________ bone |
sesamoid |
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3 types of joints |
Synarthrotic (fibrous) Amphiarthrotic (cartiligious) Diathrotic (synovial) |
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__________ are non-movable, ex-sutures joints (fibrous) |
synarthrotic |
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__________ are slightly movable joints (cartilaginous) |
amphiarthrotic |
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________ are freely movable joints and there are 6 types of these (synovial) |
Diathrotic |
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___________ are a type of synarthrotic joint |
Syndesmosis |
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_______ are a type of amphiarthrotic joint |
Synchondrosis |
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3 anatomical planes |
Sagittal Frontal/Coronal Transverse/Horizontal |
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Sagittal plane |
separates the body into right and left sections |
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Frontal/Coronal |
separates body into front (anterior) and posterior (back) |
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__________ separates the body into right and left halves |
Midsagittal |
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________ separates body into anterior and posterior halves |
Mid-frontal |
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Transverse/Horizontal plane |
separates the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections |
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_________ separates the body into superior and inferior halves |
Mid-transverse |
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3 axes |
Bilateral Anterio-posterior Polar/longitudinal |
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Bilateral |
thisaxes passes from right to left (or left to right) and is perpendicular to thesagital plane. Motion that occurs in thesagittalplanewill always be motion about the bilateral axis. |
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Anterio-posterior |
this axis passes from front to back(or back to front) and is perpendicular to the frontal plane. Motion that occurs in the frontal plane willalways be motion about the anterior-posterior axis |
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Polar/longitudinal |
thisaxis passes from top to bottom (or bottom to top) and is perpendicular to thetransverse plane. Motion that occurs inthe transverse plane will always be motion about the polar axis. |
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Gliding (Arthrodial) |
1. nonaxial e.g. carpals, tarsals, Distal Radio-Ulna, proximal clavicle 2. Motionconsists of movement of one bone past another, without an axis |
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Pivot(Trochoid) |
uniaxialor monaxial e.g. atlas and axis (C1& C2 – cervical vertebrea) |
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Proximal Radio-Ulna Joint does two separates movements..... what are those? |
Pronation and Supination |
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Pronation |
Can beidentified by the thumb location. Whenthe thumb is positionedon the medial side of the elbow, the radio-ulna joint is in pronation. |
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Supination |
Whenthe thumb is positionedon the lateral side of the elbow, the radio-ulna joint is in supination. |
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Oids (2) |
Condyloid Ellipsoid |
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Condyloid |
biaxial,one is concave, one is convex. Twodegrees of motion. Allows for passiverotation – but has no muscles that can cause this rotation (e.g.metacarpophalangeal joint |
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Ellipsoid |
biaxial,one is concave, one is convex. Twodegrees of motion. Does NOT allow forpassive rotation. Ex- Radial-Carpal |
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Saddle |
bothsides of articulation are concave. FirstCarpal-Metacarpal joint (in the thumb it is at the BASE of the anatomical snuffbox) |
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Hinge |
uniaxial, can only flex and extend |
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Flexion joints |
these joint motions move thesegments, in such a manner as to “roll” them up. |
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Extension joints |
these joint motions move thesegments, in such a manner as to “unroll” them. |
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Balland Socket |
Triaxial Therounded surface of one bone fits into the “cup”of a second articulating bone. Ex – hip, shoulder |
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______ and ______ are examples of ball in socket joints |
hip and shoulder |
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Dorsiflexion |
in which the distance between thetop of the foot and the anterior surface of thelower leg is decreased |
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Plantar flexion |
in which the distance between thetop of the foot and the anterior surfaceofthe lower leg is increased |
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Inversion |
inwhich the big toe is moved upward and toward the midline of the body(thisis the classic ankle sprain posture) |
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Eversion |
inwhich the big toe is moved downward and away from the midline of thebody |
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Abduction |
thesegment is moved away from the midline of the body |
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Adduction |
thesegment is moved toward the midline of the body |
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InternalRotation |
thesegment is rotated about its long axis with the anterior surface moving towardthe midline of the body |
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ExternalRotation |
thesegment is rotated about its long axis with the anterior surface moving awaythe midline of the body |
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HorizontalAbduction (hip/shoulder) |
withthe segment flexed, the segment is moved in the transverseplane,away from the midline |
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HorizontalAdduction (hip/shoulder) |
withthe segment flexed, the segment is moved in the transverseplane,toward the midline |
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Circumduction hip/shoulder |
thisis a combination movement that includes flexion, extension, abductionandadduction. Inthis motion the segment sweeps out a cone, in amultiplanarmotion(note, there is no rotation associated with this motion). |
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AnteriorPelvicRotation |
theASIC moves anteriorly (in the sagital plane) |
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PosteriorPelvic Rotation |
theASIC moves posteriorly (in the sagitalplane) |
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Left Transverse Pelvic Rotation |
– the left ASIC moves posteriorly (in the transverse plane) |
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RightTransversePelvic Rotation |
- the right ASIC moves posteriorly (in the transverse plane) |
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LeftLateralPelvic Rotation |
– the left ASIC moves superiorly (in the frontal plane) |
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RightLateralPelvic Rotation |
– the right ASIC moves superiorly (in the frontal plane) |
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Left Lateral Flexion (lumbar) |
(bending) (returning to neutral is reduction) |
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RightLateral Flexion (lumbar) |
(bending) (returning to neutral is reduction) |
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UpwardRotation (scapula) |
– the inferior angle moves upward and laterally |
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Downward Rotation (scapula) |
– the inferior angle moves downward and medially |
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Protraction (Abduction) (scapula) |
– the vertebral border of the scapula moves away from the midline (spine) |
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Retraction (Adduction) (scapula) |
– the vertebral border of the scapula moves toward the midline (spine) |
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Elevation (scapula) |
– the scapula moves upward |
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Depression (scapula) |
– the scapula moves downward |
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Radial Deviation (wrist) |
– when the angle between the thumb and the radius decreases. |
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Ulna Deviation (wrist) |
– when the angle between the pinky and the ulnar decreases. |
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Articular Cartilage |
Coversboth surfaces of articulating bones Increasescontact area Decreasesfriction |
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Fibrocartilage |
Discs,menisci Withinjoint cavities and tendon insertions Increasescontact area Fillsjoint space Contributesto shock absorption |
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_________ and _______ are articular connective tissues |
Tendons Ligaments |
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Tendons |
Connectmuscles to bones Primarilycollagen (poor blood supply) Compliantmaterial (extensible) |
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Ligaments |
Connect bone to bone Holds joint together E.g. ACL,MCL,LCL,PCL |
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Fasica |
Fibrousconnective tissue
Formssheaths for individual muscles, partitions two different muscles or fiberswithin a single muscle. Varyin stxfrom thin membranes to tough sheets Flexibleand elastic Could contribute to force transmission between muscle arrangements |
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Joint mobility |
Amountof motion available “Flexibility”for a particular joint GenericROM, not specific to a muscle |
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Factors influencing mobility |
Shapesof articulating bones (e.g. olecranon) Softtissue impediment Laxityof ligaments Extensibilityof muscle/tendon Cartilage(lubrication and cushioning) |
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Joint stability |
Abilityto resist displacement |
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Factors influencing joint stability |
Neuromuscularcontrol and proprioception (muscle lecture) Muscleline of pull or functional dynamics |