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110 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Purpose of skeletal system

1. protect internal organs


2. production of RBC


3. Muscle action, body movement


4. Provide muscle attachment sites

_______ adaptive to mechanical demands

Wolff's law

The skeletal system is ______ vascular

highly

Main job of skeletal system is to allow ____________ and _____________

stability


mobility

Structural properties of the skeletal system

1. second to dentin/enamel as hardest part of the body


2. metabolically active throughout life


Highly vascular


3. Adaptive to mechanical demands


4. Mineral salts (calcium, phosphate)


5. Allow for pliability

2 Skeletal systems

Axial


Appendicular

Axial skeleton has ____ bones

80

Axial skeleton is the ____ ____ of the body

Central pillar

Axial skeleton is composed of _____ skull bones, ____ spinal column bones and ____ thorax bones

22, 33, 25

Appendicular skeletal system has ___ bones

126

Upper bones

1. scapula: 2


2. clavicle: 2


3. humerus: 2


4. radius: 2


5. ulna: 2


6. carpals: 16


7. metacarpals: 10


8. phalanges: 28

Lower bones

1. Hipbone: 2


2. Femur: 2


3. Tibia: 2


4. Fibula: 2


5. Patella: 2


6. Tarsals: 14


7. Metatarsals: 10


8. Phalanges: 28

Condyle

rounded process of a bone that articulates with another bone

Epicondyle

a small condyle

Facet

small, fairly flat, smooth surface of a bone, generally an articular surface

Foramen

hole in a bone through which nerves or vessel pass

Fossa

shallow dish-shaped section of a bone that provides space for an articulation with another bone or serves as a muscle attachment

Process

a bony prominence

Tuberosity

raised section of bone to which a ligament, tendon or muscle attaches. usually created by the stress of the muscle's pull on that bone during growth

2 types of bone growth

longitudinal, circumferential

Another name for longitudinal growth

Interstitial growth

LG occurs at ____________ _________

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

The growth plate seals at ___ - ____ years of age

18-25

Another name for circumferential growth (2)

appositional growth, cross sectional growth

Circumferential growth is closely related to _____ ____

Wolff's law

Wolff's law

Bone is laid down where needed and reabsorbed where not needed

The shape of bone reflects its _______

function

Osteoclasts

resorbs of take-up bone

Osteoblasts

lay down new bone

Osteoporosis causes

resorption of bone


age


astronauts


lack of mechanical stresss

What happens to Ca during osteoporosis

Ca levels decrease


Ca is removed through the blood via kidneys

Types of bones:

Irregular


Flat


Short


Long


Sesamoid

Irregular bones

1. Asymmetrical shape


2. Generally in a position to withstand direct loading


3. Provide limited range of motion

Vertebrae is what type of bone?

Irregular

Flat bones

1. have relatively large smooth areas


2. best suited for protection

Cranial bones are an example of _______ bones

Flat

Short bones

1. small, compact shaped bones


2. designed to fit into unique spaces within the body

Wrist and ankle is an example of ______ bones

short

Long bones

1. long central shaft and are topped at either end with load bearing surfaces


2. length of bone is disporportional to the width of the bone


3. designed to provide longer levers to the body

Sesamoid

1. usually small, and flat in general shape


2. Provides the joint a fulcrum to work against



2 major purposes of sesamoid bones

1. protection


2. increase mechanical advantage



Platella is an example of a __________ bone

sesamoid

3 types of joints

Synarthrotic (fibrous)


Amphiarthrotic (cartiligious)


Diathrotic (synovial)

__________ are non-movable, ex-sutures joints (fibrous)

synarthrotic

__________ are slightly movable joints (cartilaginous)

amphiarthrotic

________ are freely movable joints and there are 6 types of these (synovial)

Diathrotic

___________ are a type of synarthrotic joint

Syndesmosis

_______ are a type of amphiarthrotic joint

Synchondrosis

3 anatomical planes

Sagittal


Frontal/Coronal


Transverse/Horizontal



Sagittal plane

separates the body into right and left sections

Frontal/Coronal

separates body into front (anterior) and posterior (back)

__________ separates the body into right and left halves

Midsagittal

________ separates body into anterior and posterior halves

Mid-frontal

Transverse/Horizontal plane

separates the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections

_________ separates the body into superior and inferior halves

Mid-transverse

3 axes

Bilateral


Anterio-posterior


Polar/longitudinal

Bilateral

thisaxes passes from right to left (or left to right) and is perpendicular to thesagital plane. Motion that occurs in thesagittalplanewill always be motion about the bilateral axis.

Anterio-posterior

this axis passes from front to back(or back to front) and is perpendicular to the frontal plane. Motion that occurs in the frontal plane willalways be motion about the anterior-posterior axis

Polar/longitudinal

thisaxis passes from top to bottom (or bottom to top) and is perpendicular to thetransverse plane. Motion that occurs inthe transverse plane will always be motion about the polar axis.

Gliding (Arthrodial)

1. nonaxial e.g. carpals, tarsals, Distal Radio-Ulna, proximal clavicle


2. Motionconsists of movement of one bone past another, without an axis

Pivot(Trochoid)

uniaxialor monaxial e.g. atlas and axis (C1& C2 – cervical vertebrea)

Proximal Radio-Ulna Joint does two separates movements..... what are those?

Pronation and Supination

Pronation

Can beidentified by the thumb location. Whenthe thumb is positionedon the medial side of the elbow, the radio-ulna joint is in pronation.

Supination

Whenthe thumb is positionedon the lateral side of the elbow, the radio-ulna joint is in supination.

Oids (2)

Condyloid


Ellipsoid

Condyloid

biaxial,one is concave, one is convex. Twodegrees of motion. Allows for passiverotation – but has no muscles that can cause this rotation (e.g.metacarpophalangeal joint

Ellipsoid

biaxial,one is concave, one is convex. Twodegrees of motion. Does NOT allow forpassive rotation. Ex- Radial-Carpal

Saddle

bothsides of articulation are concave. FirstCarpal-Metacarpal joint (in the thumb it is at the BASE of the anatomical snuffbox)

Hinge

uniaxial, can only flex and extend

Flexion joints

these joint motions move thesegments, in such a manner as to “roll” them up.

Extension joints

these joint motions move thesegments, in such a manner as to “unroll” them.

Balland Socket

Triaxial


Therounded surface of one bone fits into the “cup”of a second articulating bone. Ex – hip, shoulder

______ and ______ are examples of ball in socket joints

hip and shoulder

Dorsiflexion

in which the distance between thetop of the foot and the anterior surface of thelower leg is decreased

Plantar flexion

in which the distance between thetop of the foot and the anterior surfaceofthe lower leg is increased

Inversion

inwhich the big toe is moved upward and toward the midline of the body(thisis the classic ankle sprain posture)

Eversion

inwhich the big toe is moved downward and away from the midline of thebody

Abduction

thesegment is moved away from the midline of the body

Adduction

thesegment is moved toward the midline of the body

InternalRotation

thesegment is rotated about its long axis with the anterior surface moving towardthe midline of the body

ExternalRotation

thesegment is rotated about its long axis with the anterior surface moving awaythe midline of the body

HorizontalAbduction (hip/shoulder)

withthe segment flexed, the segment is moved in the transverseplane,away from the midline

HorizontalAdduction (hip/shoulder)

withthe segment flexed, the segment is moved in the transverseplane,toward the midline

Circumduction hip/shoulder

thisis a combination movement that includes flexion, extension, abductionandadduction. Inthis motion the segment sweeps out a cone, in amultiplanarmotion(note, there is no rotation associated with this motion).

AnteriorPelvicRotation

theASIC moves anteriorly (in the sagital plane)

PosteriorPelvic Rotation

theASIC moves posteriorly (in the sagitalplane)

Left Transverse Pelvic Rotation

– the left ASIC moves posteriorly (in the transverse plane)

RightTransversePelvic Rotation

- the right ASIC moves posteriorly (in the transverse plane)

LeftLateralPelvic Rotation

– the left ASIC moves superiorly (in the frontal plane)

RightLateralPelvic Rotation

– the right ASIC moves superiorly (in the frontal plane)

Left Lateral Flexion (lumbar)

(bending) (returning to neutral is reduction)

RightLateral Flexion (lumbar)

(bending) (returning to neutral is reduction)

UpwardRotation (scapula)

– the inferior angle moves upward and laterally

Downward Rotation (scapula)

– the inferior angle moves downward and medially

Protraction (Abduction) (scapula)

– the vertebral border of the scapula moves away from the midline (spine)

Retraction (Adduction) (scapula)

– the vertebral border of the scapula moves toward the midline (spine)

Elevation (scapula)

– the scapula moves upward

Depression (scapula)

– the scapula moves downward

Radial Deviation (wrist)

– when the angle between the thumb and the radius decreases.

Ulna Deviation (wrist)

– when the angle between the pinky and the ulnar decreases.

Articular Cartilage

Coversboth surfaces of articulating bones


Increasescontact area


Decreasesfriction

Fibrocartilage

Discs,menisci


Withinjoint cavities and tendon insertions


Increasescontact area


Fillsjoint space


Contributesto shock absorption

_________ and _______ are articular connective tissues

Tendons


Ligaments

Tendons

Connectmuscles to bones


Primarilycollagen (poor blood supply)


Compliantmaterial (extensible)

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone


Holds joint together


E.g. ACL,MCL,LCL,PCL

Fasica

Fibrousconnective tissue

Formssheaths for individual muscles, partitions two different muscles or fiberswithin a single muscle.


Varyin stxfrom thin membranes to tough sheets Flexibleand elastic


Could contribute to force transmission between muscle arrangements



Joint mobility

Amountof motion available


“Flexibility”for a particular joint


GenericROM, not specific to a muscle

Factors influencing mobility

Shapesof articulating bones (e.g. olecranon)


Softtissue impediment


Laxityof ligaments


Extensibilityof muscle/tendon


Cartilage(lubrication and cushioning)

Joint stability

Abilityto resist displacement

Factors influencing joint stability

Neuromuscularcontrol and proprioception (muscle lecture)


Muscleline of pull or functional dynamics