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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Name 3 physical plant defences:

Cellulose Cell Walls


Tough waxy cuticle on leaves


Layers of dead cells around the stem (bark on trees)

Name 2 Chemical Plant Defences:

Antibacterial Chemicals


Poisons to deter herbivores

Name 3 Mechanical adaptations

Thorns and hairs deter animals


Leaves which drop or curl when touched


Mimicry to trick animals

Symptoms of diseased plants:

Stunted Growth


Spots on leaves


Areas of decay


Abnormal Growths


Malformed stems or leaves


Discolouration


The presence of pets

Identification of diseased plants can be made by:

Reference to a gardening Manual or website


Taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen


Using test kits which contain monoclonal antibodies

What does a black spot on a plant signify:

Fungal Disease

What does Tobacco mosaic virus signify on a plant?

Viral disease

What do aphids signify on a plant?

Insect infestation

What does nitrate deficiency cause and why?

Stunted growth because nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis

What does magnesium deficiency cause and why?

Chlorosis (discolouration) because magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

They identify Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) which is found in the urine of pregnant women.

How are monoclonal antibodies used in laboratories?

They measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood to detect pathogens

How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer?

The monoclonal antibodies can be bound to a radioactive substance, such as a toxic drug, which stops the cancerous cells from growing and dividing without harming the other cells in the body

How do bacteria grow?

Bacteria multiply by single cell division (binary fission) as much as once every 20 seconds depending on conditions they are in.

Where can bacteria grow?

Nutrient Broth solution


As colonies on an agar plate

What are uncontaminated cultures of micro-organisms required for?

Investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics.

How do you prepare an uncontaminated culture using aseptic technique?

-Petri dishes must be sterilised before use


-Inoculation loops used to transfer micro-organisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame


-The lid of the Petri dish must be taped and stored upside down


-Incubated at 25C

There are 100 bacteria cells. Each one divides every 30 minutes and it has been left for 3 hours. How many bacteria will there now be?

In 3 hours each cell will have divided 6 times


2 to the power of 6 = 64


64 x 100 = 6400


There will now be 6400 bacteria cells

Where are medicines traditionally extracted from?

Plants and micro-organisms

Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?

Fox gloves

Where does the painkiller aspirin originate from?

Willow

What did alexander Fleming discover and how?

Penicillin from the penicillium mould

Why do new medical drugs have to be tested before use?

To check they are safe and effective

What 3 things are new drugs tested for?

Toxicity, efficiency, and dose

Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using...

Cells, tissues and live animals

Who takes part in clinical trials?

Healthy volunteers and patients

How are clinical trials carried out?

-Very low doses are given at the start of the trial


-If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dosage

What happens in double blind trials?

Some patients are given a placebo

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells


The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen so can target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body


Monoclonal antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make an antibody


The lymphocytes are combined with a kind of tumour cell to make a cell called hybridoma cell which can then divide and make the antibody


A large amount of antibody can be collected and purified

Name the 3 human defence systems:

Skin


Nose


-Nasal hairs stop harmful pathogens from getting into the body


Trachea and Bronchi


-Mucus traps pathogens


Stomach


-stomach acid traps and destroys harmful micro-organisms

What is the role of the immune system in the defence system?

If a pathogen enters the body then the immune system will try and destroy the pathogen

How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?

Phagocytosis


Antibody production

How will vaccination stop the spread of disease?

The vaccination will prevent illness in an individual, if the majority of the population is vaccinated then there will be less chance of the un-vaccinated people contracting the disease.

What is in an injection?

A small amount of the disease so that the white blood cells will know how to fight it should the person every really contract it?

How do antibiotics work?

Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing ineffective bacteria inside the body.


Specific bacteria must be treated by specific antibiotics


Antibiotics cannnot cure viral infections, such as a cold.

How are painkillers used?

Painkillers are used to relieve the symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens.

Give an example of a bacterial disease:

Salmonella is a disease spread by bacteria found in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions

How is salmonella prevented in the UK?

By vaccinating the poultry against salmonella.

Give an example of an STD which is a bacterial disease.

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease which causes yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina.

Name a fungal disease:

Rose Black Spot is a disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves. It effects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced.

How is rose black spot spread?

By water or air.

How can rose black spot be cured?

By cutting off the infected area

Name a protist disease:

The pathogens that cause malaria are Protists


The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes a mosquito,

What are the side effects of malaria?

Recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.

How can malaria be controlled?

Controlling the vectors (mosquitoes) from breeding and using mosquito nets

What are pathogens?

Pathogens are micro organisms that cause infectious disease.


They may be viruses, protists, bacteria or fungi. They may infect plant or animals

How can pathogens be spread?

Direct contact


Air


Water

What is bacteria?

Bacteria produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill.

What does a virus do?

Live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage

Give an example of a viral disease

Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash.

Why are young children vaccinated against measles?

Because it can be fatal

How is measles spread?

The inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs of an infected person

What does HIV initially cause?

Flu-Like symptoms


Unless the disease is successfully controlled it will attack the body's immune system

What does later stage HIV or AIDS mean?

The body's immune system is very badly damaged, so much it can no longer control deal with other infections or cancers

How is HIV spread?

By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids, such as blood when drug users share needles

What does Tobacco Mosaic Virus look like?

TBV gives a distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to a lack of photosynthesis.