Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name 3 physical plant defences: |
Cellulose Cell Walls Tough waxy cuticle on leaves Layers of dead cells around the stem (bark on trees) |
|
Name 2 Chemical Plant Defences: |
Antibacterial Chemicals Poisons to deter herbivores |
|
Name 3 Mechanical adaptations |
Thorns and hairs deter animals Leaves which drop or curl when touched Mimicry to trick animals |
|
Symptoms of diseased plants: |
Stunted Growth Spots on leaves Areas of decay Abnormal Growths Malformed stems or leaves Discolouration The presence of pets |
|
Identification of diseased plants can be made by: |
Reference to a gardening Manual or website Taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen Using test kits which contain monoclonal antibodies |
|
What does a black spot on a plant signify: |
Fungal Disease |
|
What does Tobacco mosaic virus signify on a plant? |
Viral disease |
|
What do aphids signify on a plant? |
Insect infestation |
|
What does nitrate deficiency cause and why? |
Stunted growth because nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis |
|
What does magnesium deficiency cause and why? |
Chlorosis (discolouration) because magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll |
|
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests? |
They identify Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) which is found in the urine of pregnant women. |
|
How are monoclonal antibodies used in laboratories? |
They measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood to detect pathogens |
|
How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer? |
The monoclonal antibodies can be bound to a radioactive substance, such as a toxic drug, which stops the cancerous cells from growing and dividing without harming the other cells in the body |
|
How do bacteria grow? |
Bacteria multiply by single cell division (binary fission) as much as once every 20 seconds depending on conditions they are in. |
|
Where can bacteria grow? |
Nutrient Broth solution As colonies on an agar plate |
|
What are uncontaminated cultures of micro-organisms required for? |
Investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics. |
|
How do you prepare an uncontaminated culture using aseptic technique? |
-Petri dishes must be sterilised before use -Inoculation loops used to transfer micro-organisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame -The lid of the Petri dish must be taped and stored upside down -Incubated at 25C |
|
There are 100 bacteria cells. Each one divides every 30 minutes and it has been left for 3 hours. How many bacteria will there now be? |
In 3 hours each cell will have divided 6 times 2 to the power of 6 = 64 64 x 100 = 6400 There will now be 6400 bacteria cells |
|
Where are medicines traditionally extracted from? |
Plants and micro-organisms |
|
Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from? |
Fox gloves |
|
Where does the painkiller aspirin originate from? |
Willow |
|
What did alexander Fleming discover and how? |
Penicillin from the penicillium mould |
|
Why do new medical drugs have to be tested before use? |
To check they are safe and effective |
|
What 3 things are new drugs tested for? |
Toxicity, efficiency, and dose |
|
Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using... |
Cells, tissues and live animals |
|
Who takes part in clinical trials? |
Healthy volunteers and patients |
|
How are clinical trials carried out? |
-Very low doses are given at the start of the trial -If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dosage |
|
What happens in double blind trials? |
Some patients are given a placebo |
|
How are monoclonal antibodies produced? |
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen so can target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body Monoclonal antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make an antibody The lymphocytes are combined with a kind of tumour cell to make a cell called hybridoma cell which can then divide and make the antibody A large amount of antibody can be collected and purified |
|
Name the 3 human defence systems: |
Skin Nose -Nasal hairs stop harmful pathogens from getting into the body Trachea and Bronchi -Mucus traps pathogens Stomach -stomach acid traps and destroys harmful micro-organisms |
|
What is the role of the immune system in the defence system? |
If a pathogen enters the body then the immune system will try and destroy the pathogen |
|
How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens? |
Phagocytosis Antibody production |
|
How will vaccination stop the spread of disease? |
The vaccination will prevent illness in an individual, if the majority of the population is vaccinated then there will be less chance of the un-vaccinated people contracting the disease. |
|
What is in an injection? |
A small amount of the disease so that the white blood cells will know how to fight it should the person every really contract it? |
|
How do antibiotics work? |
Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing ineffective bacteria inside the body. Specific bacteria must be treated by specific antibiotics Antibiotics cannnot cure viral infections, such as a cold. |
|
How are painkillers used? |
Painkillers are used to relieve the symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens. |
|
Give an example of a bacterial disease: |
Salmonella is a disease spread by bacteria found in food, or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions |
|
How is salmonella prevented in the UK? |
By vaccinating the poultry against salmonella. |
|
Give an example of an STD which is a bacterial disease. |
Gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease which causes yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina. |
|
Name a fungal disease: |
Rose Black Spot is a disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves. It effects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced. |
|
How is rose black spot spread? |
By water or air. |
|
How can rose black spot be cured? |
By cutting off the infected area |
|
Name a protist disease: |
The pathogens that cause malaria are Protists The malarial protist has a life cycle that includes a mosquito, |
|
What are the side effects of malaria? |
Recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal. |
|
How can malaria be controlled? |
Controlling the vectors (mosquitoes) from breeding and using mosquito nets |
|
What are pathogens? |
Pathogens are micro organisms that cause infectious disease. They may be viruses, protists, bacteria or fungi. They may infect plant or animals |
|
How can pathogens be spread? |
Direct contact Air Water |
|
What is bacteria? |
Bacteria produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill. |
|
What does a virus do? |
Live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage |
|
Give an example of a viral disease |
Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash. |
|
Why are young children vaccinated against measles? |
Because it can be fatal |
|
How is measles spread? |
The inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs of an infected person |
|
What does HIV initially cause? |
Flu-Like symptoms Unless the disease is successfully controlled it will attack the body's immune system |
|
What does later stage HIV or AIDS mean? |
The body's immune system is very badly damaged, so much it can no longer control deal with other infections or cancers |
|
How is HIV spread? |
By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids, such as blood when drug users share needles |
|
What does Tobacco Mosaic Virus look like? |
TBV gives a distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to a lack of photosynthesis. |