Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
concentration gradient
|
a difference between the concentration on the inside of the membrane and that on the outside
|
|
|
passive transport
|
substances move in and out of the cell without the cell needing to expend energy
|
|
|
diffusion
|
movement of of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration
|
|
|
why can non polar molecules cross the lipid bilayer
|
because the hydrophobic interior is nonpolar
|
|
|
what is differnetial permeability
|
diffusion
|
|
|
what is differential permeability based on
|
phospholipid bilayer and membrane transport proteins
|
|
|
channel proteins
|
allow a channel for polar molecules to pass through
|
|
|
carrier proteins
|
transports molecules that bind to site on protein
-this causes a conformational change in the protein that allows for the molecule to be released on the other side |
|
|
what determines the movement of ions in an ion channel
|
relative concentration on either side of the membrance
voltage diffence across the membrane and for gated channels state of gate (open or closed) |
|
|
membrane potential
|
electrical potential difference across the membrane
|
|
|
active transport
|
transportation of molecules up the concentration gradient that requires energy (usually ATP)
|
|
|
uniporter
|
transport a single type of molecule
|
|
|
symporters
|
transport two molecules in the same direction
|
|
|
antiporters
|
transport two molecules in the opposite direction
|
|
|
describe the steps of the Na-K pump
|
1. 3 sodium molecules bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein (inside)-->change conformation
2. ATP is bond to a cleave --> broken down to ADP and phosphate 3.phosphorlyation causes another conformation change that releases sodiums to exterior of the cell 4. new conformation has high affinity for K, so two bind to it (on the outside) 5. the K cause a conformation change again resulting in hydrolysis of the phosphate group 6. protein goes back to original conformation which doesn't really want K so its let go, and then the cycle starts all over again |
|
|
coupled transport
|
energy released as one molecule moves down its concentration gradient is captured and used to move a different molecule against its gradient
|
|
|
explain sodium-linked glucose transport
|
uses the energy produced by the sodium potassium pump as a way to power glucose into the cell
both glucose and sodium bind in the transport protein |
|
|
bulk transport
|
transporting groups of molecules together (unspecified #)
|
|
|
endocytosis
|
the plasma membrane envelops and brings things into the cell
|
|
|
phagocytosis
|
bringing in discrete particles of matter
|
|
|
pinocytosis
|
when the cell takes in liquid
|
|
|
explain receptor-mediated cytosis
|
large molecules are brought into the cell by binding to cell surface receptors
these receptors are then brought into a coated vesicle |
|
|
exocytosis
|
letting out things from the cell
|
|
|
cellular respiration
|
oxidation of food molecules by oxygen in order to make ATP
|
|
|
oxidized
|
lose electrons
|
|
|
reduced
|
gain electrons
|
|
|
aerobic respiration
|
when electrons from making ATP are transferred to an oxygen
|
|
|
anaerobic respiration
|
when electrons from making ATP are transferred to an inorganic molecule
|
|
|
fermentation
|
when electrons from making atp are transferred to an organic molecule
|
|
|
When a macromolecule is catabolized NAD is
|
reduced to NADH
**it gains electrons by accepting a pair of electrons and a proton |
|
|
NADH can supply energy...
|
because it has two energetic electrongs that can supply to other molecules --> reduction of other molecules, oxidation of NADH
|
|
|
electron transport chain
|
located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
*energy from oxidation reactions are released in a series of steps electrongs are passed to another set of electron carriers **chain |
|
|
matrix
|
soluble part of the inside of the mitochondria
|
|
|
what are the five steps of respiration
|
gylcolysis
pyruvate oxidation krebs sycle electron transport chemiosmotic atp synthesis |
|
|
where does glycolysis take place?
|
in cytosol
|
|
|
where does pyruvate oxidation take place?
|
in the matrix
|
|
|
where does the krebs cycle take place?
|
matrix
|
|
|
where does electron transport take place?
|
in the inner membrane of mitochondria
|
|
|
where does chemiosmotic atp synthesis take place?
|
in the inner mitochondria membrane
|
|
|
substrate-level phosphorylation
|
ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate bearing intermediate
|
|
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
ATP is synthesized by the enzyme ATP synthase, using energy from a proton gradient
|
|
|
what is glycolysis
|
essentially a process that splits glucose, releasing free energy to drive the synthesis of ATP
|
|
|
what are the 3 changes that occur in glycolysis
|
glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate
two molecules of ADP are converted into ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH |
|
|
glycolysis is made up of how many reactions?
|
10
|
|
|
What are the 3 conceptual phases that glycolysis can be broken down into?
|
priming
cleavage oxidation and atp formation |
|
|
explain ATP production from substrate level phosphorylation
|
using an enzyme to facilitate it PEP, which possesses high-energy phosphate groups like ATP, transfers a phosphate to ADP which produces ATP
|
|
|
what are two processes in which NADH is oxidized?
|
aerobic respiration and fermentation
|
|
|
aerobic respiration as a form to oxidize NADH?
|
electrons and hydrogens are transferred to oxygen to form water
|
|
|
how many atp are produced per glucose between glycolysis and respiration
|
2
|
|
|
fermentation as a form to oxidize NADH
|
an organic molecule accepts the electrons
|
|
|
what is an example of a symport system
|
the relationship between glucose and sodium (go together in the same direction)
|
|
|
What is difficult about pyruvate oxidation?
|
that pyruvate must travel from the cytosol (produced in glycolysis) into the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which means it must surpass 2 lipid bilayers
|
|
|
How does pyruvate cross the outer membrane?
|
travels through porin
porin cut off is at 10,000 molecular weight, and since pyruvate is a lot smaller, it can easier diffuse through |
|
|
how does pyruvate cross the inner membrane?
|
latched to a symport system using H+
active transport into the matrix |
|
|
Why is pyruvate oxidation necessary?
|
because it needs to be prepared for use in the Krebs cyle
|
|
|
What are the steps of pyruvate oxidation?
|
decarboxylated
oxidized attached to coenzyme A |
|
|
What multi-enzyme complex facilitates pyruvate oxidation?
|
pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
how many reactions make up the krebs cycle?
|
8
|
|
|
what are the 3 basic phases of the krebs cycle?
|
citrate formation
decarboxylation oxaloacetate regeneration |
|
|
in what phase of the krebs cycle is ATP produced?
|
the 2nd phases
decarboxylation |
|
|
how much atp is produced in the krebs cycle?
|
two
|
|
|
transport through channel proteins is always
|
spontaneous because of the decrease in free energy
|
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
movement across membrane w/ help from carrier protein
sometimes requires energy by active transport |
|
|
why can water molecules pass through the plasma membrane freely?
|
because they are small and only weakly polar
|
|
|
in osmosis? why does water travel across the plasma membrane?
|
because if another molecule is introduced into the water environment water begins to interact w/ it, decreasing the amount of free water molecules. because of this there is techincally less concentration of water molecules, and the h2o molecules at the higher concentration will diffuse across the membrane, increasing the concentration on the other side.
|
|
|
how does glucose move against its concentration gradient
|
the cell already contains a lot of glucose, so how does glucose on the outside (low) get inside (high). The glucose moves against its concentration gradient by co-transporting (symport) with sodium as it moves down its concentration gradient (high to low)
|
|
|
symport
|
transmembrane protein that moves co-transported molecules in the same direction
|
|
|
what is an example of an anti-port system?
|
Moving in two directions. Calcium is transported out of the cell with sodium's transport into the cell. Both bind to an antiport, which is a transmembrane protein, but on opposites sides and move in the opposite direction
|
|
|
clathrin
|
the protein that covers the receptor mediator sites for phagocytosis
|
|
|
How many atp is produced in the krebs cycle and glycolysis?
|
4
2 atp 2 gtp |
|
|
in the krebs cycle how is energy made
|
substrate level phosphorylation
|
|
|
glycolis produces how many nadh per glucose
|
2
|
|
|
pyruvate oxidation produces how many nadh per glucose
|
2
|
|
|
krebs produces how many reduced co-factors per glucose
|
6 nadh + 2qh2
|
|
|
how many atp per glucose will oxidizing the reduced co-factors be made
|
26 or 28
|
|
|
what are the reduced cofactors oxidized by in the elctron transport chain
|
oxygen
|
|
|
what is the first protein that receives electrons in the ETC
|
nadh dehydrogenase
|
|
|
nadh hydrogenase is what kind of protein?
|
transmembrane
|
|
|
in the ETC each oxygen forms with how many protons to make water?
|
two
|
|
|
what is the structure of ATP synthase
|
thasmembrane rotor
catalytic head (where atp is made) |
|
|
explain atp synthase as a mechanism
|
rotor movement causes conformational changes in the catalytic head that drives ATP synthesis
ADP and P glom on and conformational change caused substrate level phosphorlyation |
|
|
what drives the rotor movement of atp synthase?
|
protons moving through the motor do to an electrochemical gradient
|
|
|
what is the other cofactor that is reduced in the ETC
|
coenzyme q to qh2
|
|
|
Explain th ETC
|
they are first transferred to NAD hydrogenase and the H+ are transferred out into the inner membrane space
-the electons of the protons are added to coenzyme Q which then goes to the bc1 complex -those electrons are added to cyto chrone C -then the electrons are transported to oxygen during this whole process hydrogens are being pumped into inner membrane space at each phase |
|
|
cyto chrome C is a
|
peripheral protein
|
|
|
Where do all the built up protons on the outside of the inner membrane go?
|
they travel through atp synthase on the electrochemical gradient back into the cell
|
|
|
why is the ETC a form of active transport
|
stages in it (like coenzyme q) use the energy of the electrons being transported to pump protons out into the inner membrane (against its electrochemical gradient)
|
|
|
thylakoid
|
phospholipid bilayer around flattened sacs
inside choloroplast light absorbtion and etc take place |
|
|
cholorphyll
|
inside thylakoid
pigment for capturing light energy provide energy for ATP |
|
|
stroma
|
semiliquid substance used in the calvin cycle
contains enzymes to form organic molecules |
|
|
chloroplast structure
|
dbl membrane structures
|
|
|
what is the primary pigment in green plants
|
cholorphyll a
|
|
|
what are the accessory pigments in cholorplasts
|
cholophyll b and carotenoids
|
|
|
light absorbtion depends on
|
energy level in pigments and energy contents of photons
|
|
|
photosystem
|
photoshynthetic pigments in cluster together in the thylakoid membrane
|
|
|
the electron transport chain produces
|
ATP and NADPH
|
|
|
in summary photosynthesis does what in comparison to repspiration
|
it takes co2 and uses it to form organic molecules
endergonic (energy comes from light) *synthesis |
|
|
compare respiration in reflection to photosynthesis
|
exergonic b/c of breaking apart co2 in order to created organic molecules
|
|
|
similarities between respiration and photosynthesis
|
proton pump
metabolic pathways (krebs and calvin cycles) atp syntase w/ proton gradient coenzymes |
|
|
photosynthesis uses water to
|
reduce NADP to NADPH
water is oxidized --> oxygen |
|
|
repiration uses oxygen to
|
oxidize NADH to NAD
oxygen turns into water |
|
|
why are pigments green in plants?
|
b/c aborbs red light @ 1st quantized energy level, absorbs blue light @ 2nd quantized energy level, but green goes to 1.5, which is not discrete so it is reflected
|
|
|
pigments are complexed with what in photosynthesis
|
proteins
|
|
|
what are the two types of the photsystem?
|
antenna
reaction center complex |
|
|
antenna
|
light harvesting pigments
chlorophyll a and accessory pigments |
|
|
reaction center complex
|
the cholorophyll where all energy its transferred to
cholorphyll a |
|
|
explain resonance energy transfer
|
energy is transferred by passing electrons. energy is absorbed by a pigment --> excited but it is then transferred to the receiving pigment. that previous pigment that is @ ground state receives and excited electron from a donor pigment
*coupled energy transport how energy gets to reaction center |
|
|
what two types of enzyme regulation are there
|
intracellular and whole organism
|
|
|
give an ex of intracellar enzyme regulation
|
feedback regulation
|
|
|
give an example of whole organism regulation
|
glycogen degradation
|
|
|
what is an example of covalent modification enzyme regulation
|
glycogen degradation because the enzyme is activated by phosphorylation which covalently bonds to the enzyme
|
|
|
explain glycogen degradation
|
get LBS lebels
pancreas senses this and produces glucagon glucagon travels in the blood to receptor proteins on the liver this triggers a signal transduction pathway that activates the enzyme capable of breaking down glycogen (activated by phosphorlyation) the enzyme then breaks down glycogen to produce glucose |
|
|
diffusion vs. bulk transport
|
diffusion
individual molecules bulk lots of molecules |
|
|
what affects water movement during osmosis
|
solute concentration and permeability
|
|
|
aquaporin
|
channel protein to let water through
|
|
|
what does atp do at the beginning of glycolysis
|
traps intermediates inside the cell
membrane would be leaky w/o phosphate because it leads to h2o solvating around it, making it too big to pass through the membrane |
|
|
active transport (expand from talk w/ dr. p) in relation ot ETC
|
uses oxidation energy to drive transport of protons
|
|
|
what are the 3 steps of the ETC
|
NADH dehydrogenase
bc1 complex cytochrome oxidase complex |
|
|
what are the enzymes that assist in the ETC
|
coenzyme q and cytochrome c
|
|
|
what is the terminal electron acceptor in the ETC
|
oxygen
|
|
|
electrochemical gradient
|
flow of H+
charge difference across the membrane |
|
|
how does the electrochemical gradient apply to mitochondria function
|
used in atp synthase to create ATP in the mitochondria
the flow of H+ out of the cell drives rotor movement of ATP synthase that causes the conformational changes necessary to produce atp |
|
|
what does it mean to say that atp is made by a chemiosmotic mechanism in the mitochrondria
|
made by flow of hydrogen ions
|
|
|
what catalyzes chemiosmotic atp sythesis
|
atp synthase
|
|
|
how many protons per ATP are necessary in ATP synthase
|
4 H+/atp produced
|
|
|
how much atp is made by oxidizing nadh
|
2.5 atp/nadh
|
|
|
how much atp is made by oxidizing qh2
|
1.5 atp /2 e-
|
|
|
how many protons are made per NADH in oxidative phosphorlyation
|
10 /nadh
|
|
|
how many protons are made per 2e- (qh2) in etc
|
6 protons / 2e-
|
|
|
how many atp per glucose made in oxidative phosphorlyation
|
26 or 28/glucose
|
|
|
how many atp/glucose overall in glycolysis
|
30 or 32 atp/glucose
|
|
|
pigment
|
material that changes the color of light it reflects as the result of selective color absorption.
|
|
|
what happens to energy in the reaction center complex
|
it is transferred to an electron acceptor which goes to the bc1 complex to produce ATP
|
