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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Covalent Bond?
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*A bond that shares electrons
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How does carbon covalently bond with other molecules?
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*At 4 different bond sites
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What are the 6 main elements in organic molecules/living things?
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*C, O, H, N, P, S
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Name 4 molecules/polymers and their corresponding monomers
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*Carbohydrate=monosaccharide
*lipids=glycerol & fatty acid *Nucleic Acids=nucleotide *Proteins= amino acids |
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What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and a polysaccharide?
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monosaccharide= single sugar moleucle. Disaccharide= two sugar molecules. Polysaccharide=more than two sugar molecules. (poly=many)
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What type of polymer/macromolecule are a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide?
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Monosaccharide= glucose, fructose & galactose. Disaccharide= sucrose. Polysaccharide= glycogen, starch or cellulose.
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What are the four macromolecules?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. lipids 3. nucleic acid 4. proteins |
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What is the function of carbohydrates?
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* Energy storage, structure, strength and support.
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What is the function of Lipids?
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*Energy, storage
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What is the function of Nucleic Acids?
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* Store and transmit genetic information.
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What is the function of Proteins?
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* Enzymes frorm bones & muscles, transport substances in and out of cells, and help to fight disease.
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What is dehydration and hydrolysis?
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*dehydration= monomers combine to form polymers, H2O is released. Hydrolysis= H2O is used to seperate polymers into monomers.
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When 2 glucose molecules combine to form sucrose, what molecule comes out of the reaction?
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*Glucose and fructose. This is dehydration synthesis.
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What is the function of an enzyme?
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*Special proteins that break down macromolecules.
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Maltase breaks down the sugar maltose(polysaccharide) into glucose (monosaccharide)molecules. What is the enzyme,substrate and the product?
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Enzyme= maltase
Substrate= maltose Product= glucose |
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What is a compound?
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* A combination of 2 or more elements.
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Give 4 examples of compounds discussed in this unit.
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H2O, methane, Acetylene, Benzene or any compounds.
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Which macromolecule has the highest number of C-H bonds?
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*Lipids
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What is the endosymbiotic theory?
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*Eukaryotic cells formed from a symbosis among several different prokaryotic organisms.
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Which organelles provide evidence for the endosymbiotic theory and why?
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*Mitochondria and Chlorplasts. *DNA similar to bacterial DNA.* Ribosomes resemble thos of bacteria. *Reproduce by binary fission when cells containing them divide by mitosis, like bacteria.
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How does a virus reporudce?
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Virus injects genetic infor into cell, which will produce more viruses when it replicates.
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Cytoplasm
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*The portion of the cell outside the nucleus. *found in plant and animal.
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Nucleus
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* Control center of the cell. Found in plant and animal.
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Nuclear Envelope
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*Sourrounds the nucleus and is composed of 2 membranes. Found in plant and animal.
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Chromatin and Chromosomes
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*Small, dense region inside nucleus. Where assembly begins. Found in plant and animal.
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Ribosomes
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*Small particles of RNA & protein. Where proteins are assembled. Found in plant and animals
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Rouch Endoplasmic Reticulum
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*Has ribosomes on surface. Involved in synthesis of proteins. Makes proteins released or exported from cell. Found in both plant and animal.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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*No ribosomes on surface. Synthesis of membrane lipids & detoxification of drugs. (a lot of these in the liver)Found in plant and animal.
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Golgi Apparatus
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*modify, sort and package proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside of the cell. Proteins shipped. Found in plant and animal.
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lysosomes
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Small organelles filled with enzymes that difest lipids, carb and proteins that can be used by the rest of the cell. Found in plant and animal.
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Vacuoles
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Store materials such as H2), salts, proteins and carbs. Found in plant and animal. (central vacuole-plants only)
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Mitochondria
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Convert the chemical energy in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use for energy. Found in plant and animal.
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Chloroplast
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Capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. Found in plants.
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Cytoskeleton
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A network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. Found in plant and animal.
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Define Prokaryotes?
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1. lack nucleus
2. smaller of the two types of cells. 3. single chromosome 4.less advanced of the two types of cells. 5. lack membrane 6. chemical activites |
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Define Eukaryotes?
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1. Posses well defined nucleus & genetic information
2. larger of the two types of cells. 3. more advanced 4. multiple chromosomes 5. membrane bound organelles 6. chemical activities take place in organelles. |
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What is diffusion?
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Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.
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What is osmosis?
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Diffussion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Example: hypotonic/hypertonic solution.
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In what 4 ranges do your joints move?
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1. ball & socket
2. hinge 3. pivot 4. saddle |
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What are the 4 major groupings of cells in the gastrula?
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1. ectoderm
2. endotherm 3. mesoderm 4. germ cells |
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Ectoderm
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skin cells, neurons, and pigment cells
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mesoderm
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cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscleceus, red blood cells, and smooth muscle cells
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endotherm
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lung cells, thyroid cells, and pancreatic cells.
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Germ cells
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sperm cells or egg cells.
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What can cause an undifferentiated cell to differentiate?
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Gene expression, chemicals secreted by other cells and certain molecules in the cells environment.
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Predict what would happen if the cells from on part of a developing enbryo were transplanted to another part of the embryo early in development.
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1. Prior to differentation= develop normally.
2. After differentation= develop as originaly planned within the wrong layer. |
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Nervous System
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*recoginizes and coordinates the bodys response to changes in its internal and external environments. Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
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Integumentary System
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*Serves as a barrier against infection & injury. Helps to regulate body temperature, provides protection from UV radiation. skin, hair, nails, sweat & oil glands.
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Respiratory System
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*Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration & removes excess carbon dioxide from the body. Nose, pharnyx, larnyx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs.
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Digestive System
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*Converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body, absorbs food, eliminates wates. Mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, rectum.
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Excretory System
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*Eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis. skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
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Skeletal System
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Supports the body, protects internal organs. Allows movement, stores mineral reserves, provides a site for blood cell formation. Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.
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Muscular System
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*Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement. Helps to circulate blood & move food through the digestive system. skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.
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Endocrine System
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*Controls growth, development & metabolism. Maintains homeostasis. Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
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Reproductive System
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*Produces reproductive cells. (eggs & sperm) In females, nutures & protects developing embryo. Testes, urethra, penis, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
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Circulatory System
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*Brings oxygen, nutrients & hormones to cells, fights infection, removes cell wastes, helps to regulate body temperature. Herat, blood, vessels,
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Lymphatic/Immune System
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*helps to protect the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels & returns the fluid to the circulatory system. White blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels.
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Why must temperature be regulated in humans?
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Enzymes will change shape and not function, causing death.
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How does the circulatory system regulate temperature in humans?
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Vasodialation/vasocontriction.
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What are the effects of insulin and glucagon?
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Insulin=secreted by pancreas, targets body cells (to take in glucose) and the liver (to store glucose) in effort to lower blood sugar.
*Glucagon= secreted by pancrease and targets liver to release stored glucose in effort to raise blood sugar. |
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How can a change in respiration affect blood pH?
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*Decrease CO2 concentrations lowers blood pH.
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What does carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system do?
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Maintain blood pH/resist changes in pH.
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Define homeostasis.
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*maintance pf stable internal conditions in spite of changes to the external environment.
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Which homeostatic processes are short-term?
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*Thermoregulation
*pH regulation *osmoregulation |
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Which homeostatic processes are long-term?
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*glucoregulation
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What are three things your body does to hlep you keep warm?
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1. shiver
2. vasocontriction 3. hair stands up 4. sweat glands deactiactived |
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What are three things your body does to help you cool down?
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1. sweat
2. vasodialtion 3. no shivering 4. Hair not standing up |
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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?
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*aerobic- in the presence of oxygen
*anaerobic- without oxygen |
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Why is ATP called the currency of a cell?
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*Deposite energy/ATP by eating food, withdraw it through cellualar respiration.
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What is the name of energy released during celllular respiration?
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*Adenosing Triphosphate (ATP)
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Explain how respiration is like and unlike a burning log.
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Similar= both used as fuel to release energy
Different= burning a log releases enrgy very quickly vs. gradually in cells. |
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What is the original source of energy for photosynthesis to occur?
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Light energy is converted to chemical energy by the pigments in chloroplast..
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What is the original source of energy for photosynthesis?
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*Sunlight
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What is the main product made during photosynthesis?
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*Main= energy
*Waste= Carbon Dioxide (C02)and water. |
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What is the name of the energy molecule?
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*ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate
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Predict what would happen to photosynthesis if one of the reactants were not available?
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*it would not take place.
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Describe the matter transformation that occurs during photosynthesis
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*Carbon dioxide and water are transormed into glucose, oxygen and water.
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Describe how animals and plants get their energy
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*plants= from sun/photosynthesis
*animals= from eating plants/animals **both use celluar respiration to release energy. |
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What is the name of the energy rich molecule that is made during photosynthesis?
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*glucose
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Describe the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
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*absorbs light necessary for photosynthesis
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Describe the flow of energy from sun to animals
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1. Sun gives energy to plants for photosynthesis
2. plants produce energy-carrying glucose 3. Animals eat plants recieving glucose, which through celluslar respiration gives energy to animals. |
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Explain why it is better for peiople to eat lower on the food pyramid
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*energy flow- more energy at the bottom of the food chain -less ecological impact.
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Where is energy stored in photosynthesis?
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*Glucose
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Where is energy stored in photosynthesis?
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*mitochondria
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When looking at a food chain, explain what happens to energy at every level.
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*Plants produce energy (primary Producer), each level after consumes that energy, but only 10% of the energy transforms to the next trophic level.
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What oranisms are decomposer?
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*Bacteria and fungi
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What are ways in which carbon is returned back into the atmosphere?
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*respiration, combustion and erosion.
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Explain what nitrogen is used for in plants and animals?
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*make amino acids, proteins, and DNA.
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