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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 of Mendel's princliples of genetics?
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1. Each organsm must inherit a single copy of every gene from each parent.
2. When an organism produces its own gametes those 2 set of genes must be seperated. |
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What is does it mean when 2 sets of chromosomes are homologous?
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*each of the chromosomes that came from the male also come from the female.
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Describe a diploid cell
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*2N
*contains two sets of homologous chromosomes |
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Why is meiosis described as a process of reduction division?
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Chromosomes are cut in half.
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2 divisions of meiosis?
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meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
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What does a tetrad form in prophase 1 of meiosis?
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When 2 chromosomes come together to form a homologous pair.
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What results from the process of crossing-over during prophase 1?
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Exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and create new combinations of genes.
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What is true about meiosis?
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*during meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes seperate.
*during anaphase 2, the paired chromatids separate. |
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eggs
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Haploid gametes produced in females
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sperm
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haploid gametes produced in males
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polar bodies
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cells produced in females that do not participate in reproduction.
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trait
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specific characteristics
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Hybrids
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offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.
example:plants pg 264 |
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alleles
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different forms of genes are called alleles
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segregation
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Mendel suggested that the alleles segregate from each other during the formation of the sex cells.
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gametes
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sex cells
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homologous
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two sets of chromosomes are homologous, meaning that each of the 4 chromosomes came from the male and female parent.
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diploid
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*di=2
*a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. |
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haploid
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*one set.
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meiosis
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*process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut inhalf through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
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meiosis 1
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each chromosome is replicated.
*the cell begins to divide in a way that looks similar to mitosis. |
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meiosis 2
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two cell produced by meiosis 1 now enter a second meiotic division.
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compare mitosis to meiosis
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mitosis-results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cell.
meiosis- produces 4 genetically different haploid cells. |
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interphase1
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cells undergo a round of DNA replication.
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prophase1
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each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
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metaphase1
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spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
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Anaphase 1
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the fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.
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telophase and cytokinesis
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nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells.
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Metaphase1
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spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
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Anaphase 1
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the fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.
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telophase and cytokinesis
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nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells.
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meiosis 1
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meiosis 1 results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
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metaphase 2
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The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
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Anaphase 2
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the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
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Telophase 2 and cytokinesis
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Meiosis 2 results in 4 haploid (N) daughter cells.
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What is crossing-over
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results in the exchange of alleles between homolgous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles.
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