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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
2 of Mendel's princliples of genetics?
1. Each organsm must inherit a single copy of every gene from each parent.
2. When an organism produces its own gametes those 2 set of genes must be seperated.
What is does it mean when 2 sets of chromosomes are homologous?
*each of the chromosomes that came from the male also come from the female.
Describe a diploid cell
*2N
*contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
Why is meiosis described as a process of reduction division?
Chromosomes are cut in half.
2 divisions of meiosis?
meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
What does a tetrad form in prophase 1 of meiosis?
When 2 chromosomes come together to form a homologous pair.
What results from the process of crossing-over during prophase 1?
Exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and create new combinations of genes.
What is true about meiosis?
*during meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes seperate.
*during anaphase 2, the paired chromatids separate.
eggs
Haploid gametes produced in females
sperm
haploid gametes produced in males
polar bodies
cells produced in females that do not participate in reproduction.
trait
specific characteristics
Hybrids
offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.
example:plants pg 264
alleles
different forms of genes are called alleles
segregation
Mendel suggested that the alleles segregate from each other during the formation of the sex cells.
gametes
sex cells
homologous
two sets of chromosomes are homologous, meaning that each of the 4 chromosomes came from the male and female parent.
diploid
*di=2
*a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes.
haploid
*one set.
meiosis
*process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut inhalf through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
meiosis 1
each chromosome is replicated.
*the cell begins to divide in a way that looks similar to mitosis.
meiosis 2
two cell produced by meiosis 1 now enter a second meiotic division.
compare mitosis to meiosis
mitosis-results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cell.
meiosis- produces 4 genetically different haploid cells.
interphase1
cells undergo a round of DNA replication.
prophase1
each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
metaphase1
spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
Anaphase 1
the fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.
telophase and cytokinesis
nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells.
Metaphase1
spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
Anaphase 1
the fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.
telophase and cytokinesis
nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells.
meiosis 1
meiosis 1 results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
metaphase 2
The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.
Anaphase 2
the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase 2 and cytokinesis
Meiosis 2 results in 4 haploid (N) daughter cells.
What is crossing-over
results in the exchange of alleles between homolgous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles.