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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell
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collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
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cell theory
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idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
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nucleus
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the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities
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eukaryote
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organism whose cells contain nuclei
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prokaryote
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unicellular organism lacking a nucleus
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organelle
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specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
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cytoplasm
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material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
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chromatin
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granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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chromosome
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threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
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nucleolus
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small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins
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ribosome
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small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein
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endoplasmic reticulum
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internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
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Golgi apparatus
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stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
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lysosome
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cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
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vacuole
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cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
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mitochondrion
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cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
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chloroplast
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organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
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cytoskeleton
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network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
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centriole
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one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
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cell membrane
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thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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cell wall
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strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
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lipid bilayer
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double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
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concentration
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the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
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diffusion
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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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equilibrium
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when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution
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osmosis
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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isotonic
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when the concentration of two solutions is the same
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hypertonic
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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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hypotonic
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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
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facilitated diffusion
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movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
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active transport
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energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
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endocytosis
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process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
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phagocytosis
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process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
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pinocytosis
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process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment
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exocytosis
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process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
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cell specialization
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the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
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tissue
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group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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organ
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group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
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organ system
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group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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