Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
DNA
|
-Deoxyribonucleic Acid
-large organic molecule that determines the form and function of cells -other organics- carbs lipids proteins |
|
|
DNA STRUCTURE
|
nucleotide
|
|
|
NUCLEOTIDE
|
-Sugar (deoxyribose; 5c)
-Phosphate (PO3) -Nucleotide Base |
|
|
NUCLEOTIDE
BASES 1 |
purines
single ring -Adenine(A) -Guanine(G) |
|
|
NUCLEOTIDE
BASES 2 |
pyrimidines
double ring -Thymine(T) -Cytosine(C) |
|
|
NUCLEOTIDE
BASES FACTS |
-bases from weak
hydrogen bonds -adenine and thymine= 2 bonds -Guanine and cytosine= 3 bonds -Bonding causes the "double helix" shape |
|
|
REPLICATION
|
(s-phase)
-New DNA strands are made or "replicated" by enzymes in a series of steps. |
|
|
REPLICATION
ACRONYM GREG HELPED POLLY LOOK PIMP |
-DNA gyrase
-DNA helicase -DNA polymerase -DNA ligase -Proof-reader enzyme |
|
|
REPLICATION 1
|
DNA gyrase
moves through the double helix and uncoils it. |
|
|
REPLICATION 2
|
DNA helicase
cleaves weak hydrogen bonds, dividing the structure into two opposing parts. |
|
|
REPLICATION 3
|
DNA polymerase
-puts in nucleotide bases and gathers free floating nucleotides and puts them into the right spot. *can only work opposite to the orientation of each strand. |
|
|
*replication fork*
|
leading strand synthesis
lagging strand synthesis |
|
|
REPLICATION 4
|
DNA ligase
-uses hydrogen bonds to attach new nucleotides (uses enzymes to synthesize new weak-hydrogen bonds) |
|
|
*correcting replication
errors* |
-DNA polymerase can...
.add an extra nucleotide .add the wrong nucleotide .skip a nucleotide |
|
|
REPLICATION 5
|
proof-reader enzyme:
Identifies problematic or damaged nucleotides *mutations |
|
|
*mutations*
|
the few errors that remain
in the final DNA molecule = premanent genetic changes (not always bad) |
|
|
TRANSCRIPTION
|
process in which genetic
information is copied from the DNA into RNA |
|
|
RNA
|
-ribonucleic acid
-single strand -ribose sugar -uses the base uracil instead of thymine -can leave the nucleus |
|
|
3 TYPES OF RNA
|
MRNA
TRNA RRNA |
|
|
MRNA
|
messenger- carries info
from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
|
|
TRNA
|
transfer- carries amino
acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosomes |
|
|
RRNA
|
ribosomal- combines with
proteins to form ribosomes |
|
|
TRANSCRIPTION
PROCESS 1 |
initiation- RNA- P finds the
promoter sequence DNA is opened and structures are separated |
|
|
TRANSCRIPTION
PROCESS 2 |
elongation- RNA- P finds
nucleotides and bonds them to bases on the DNA coding strand Only one side of the DNA is transcribed |
|
|
TRANSCRIPTION
PROCESS 3 |
MG cap is attached
|
|
|
TRANSCRIPTION
PROCESS 4 |
termination
-transcription continues until the terminator sequence is reached -primary transcript grates off and a poly-A tail is attached at the end |
|
|
TRANSCRIPTION
PROCESS 5 |
primary transcript- MRNA
leaves the nucleus and travels through the E.R. to the ribosomes for translation -DNA returns to its original form |
|
|
CODONS
|
-codon- a three-base
code -each codon contains codes for an amino acid -64 possible combos, so more than one can code for a particular amino acid. |
|
|
SPECIAL
CODONS |
start: AUG
stop: UAA, UAG, UGA |
|
|
TRANSLATION
|
AKA: protein synthesis
-ribosome "translates" protein instructions from MRNA and builds protein molecules -MRNA is a template for ordering amino acids |
|
|
****TRNA
|
anticodon- complimentary
base of a codon amino acid bonding site |
|
|
TRANSLATION
STEP 1 |
initiation- MG cap of
MRNA attaches to P-Site of ribosome. Start codon AUG signals beginning. -ribosome reads codons from MRNA strand and signals for specific TRNA molecules to carry proper amino acids to the ribosome. |
|
|
TRANSLATION
STEP 2 |
elongation- TRNAs bring
requested amino acids. Enzymes catalyze a peptide bond between amino acids linking the newly formed protein molecule -p site -a site |
|
|
TRANSLATION
STEP 3 |
termination- process
continues until a stop codon is reached |
|
|
ADDITIONAL
SEQUENCES |
Enhancer sequence-
DNA segment that must be read by RNA-polymerase before the promoter. Operator sequence- DNA segment that serves as a binding site. Blocks transcription from occuring. Usually found in digestive enzymes. Must be removed by RNA - Polymerase. PROMOTER SEQUENCE |
|
|
MUTATION
|
a permanent change in DNA
|
|
|
CAUSES OF
MUTATION |
external influences
-exposure to specific chemicals or radiation. These agents cause the DNA to breakdown DNA copying errors -most common type of mutation. Random and considered "naturally occuring". |
|
|
GENE (POINT)
MUTATIONS |
- most common type
- only one gene harmed - types *replacement *deletion *addition |
|
|
CHROMOSOMAL
MUTATIONS |
*very drastic, involves a
huge amount of genes *rarely passed on on (often results in death or severe abnormalities) *Occurs during mieosis from errors in chromosome division. |
|
|
TRANSLATION
|
AKA: protein synthesis
-ribosome "translates" protein instructions from MRNA and builds protein molecules -MRNA is a template for ordering amino acids |
|
|
****TRNA
|
anticodon- complimentary
base of a codon amino acid bonding site |
|
|
TRANSLATION
STEP 1 |
initiation- MG cap of MRNA
attaches to P-Site of ribosome. Start codon AUG signals beginning. -ribosome reads codons from MRNA strand and signals for specific TRNA molecules to carry proper amino acids to the ribosome. |
|
|
TRANSLATION
STEP 2 |
elongation- TRNAs bring
requested amino acids. Enzymes catalyze a peptide bond between amino acids linking the newly formed protein molecule -p site -a site |
|
|
TRANSLATION
STEP 3 |
termination- process
continues until a stop codon is reached |
|
|
ADDITIONAL
SEQUENCES |
Enhancer sequence-
DNA segment that must be read by RNA-polymerase before the promoter. Operator sequence- DNA segment that serves as a binding site. Blocks transcription from occuring. Usually found in digestive enzymes. Must be removed by RNA- Polymerase. PROMOTER SEQUENCE |
|
|
MUTATION
|
a permanent change in DNA
|
|
|
CAUSES OF
MUTATION |
external influences
-exposure to specific chemicals or radiation. These agents cause the DNA to breakdown DNA copying errors -most common type of mutation. Random and considered "naturally occuring". |
|
|
GENE (POINT)
MUTATIONS |
- most common type
- only one gene harmed - types *replacement *deletion *addition |
|
|
CHROMOSOMAL
MUTATIONS |
*very drastic, involves a huge
amount of genes *rarely passed on on (often results in death or severe abnormalities) *Occurs during mieosis from errors in chromosome division. |
|
|
CHROMOSOMAL
MUTATIONS CONT. |
Types: translocation,
insertion, deletion Nondisjunction |
|
|
NONDISJUNCTION
|
When a set of homologous
chromosomes do not separate in mieosis EX: downs syndrome, trisomy -Homologous Chromosomes fail to separate --downs syndrome=trisomy chromosome # 21 |
|
|
TRANSPOSONS
|
-"Jumping Genes"
-Change of location of genes in somatic cells -Barbara McClintock |
|
|
GENETIC ENGINEERING 1
MANIPULATING GENES |
DNA technology used for
curing diseases, treating genetic disorders, and improving food |
|
|
GENETIC ENGINEERING 2
RECOMBINANT DNA |
-restriction enzymes chop
DNA into small pieces -it reads specific sequences of nucleotides in both directions -Enzyme reads AATTC -Sticky ends form on section that was cut ________________________> G/AATTC G/AATTC CTTAA/G CTTAA/G <-------------------- |
|
|
GENETIC ENGINEERING 2-
RECOMBINANT DNA CONT. |
-donor gene is placed in
a "cloning vector" (bacteria) -Bacterial Plasmid- King of DNA *plasmid is cut and a specific gene is removed *Donor Gene is Inserted *Bacteria reproduces this gene |
|
|
DNA FINGERPRINTING 1
|
RFLP analysis (Restriction
Fragment Polymorphism) -common -large quantities of DNA sample -Inexpensive |
|
|
DNA FINGERPRINTING 2
|
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
-less common -more exact smaller quantities needed. |
