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37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is peptidoglycan?
A network of modified-suger polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides.
What is a Gram Stain?
It was developed by Danish physician Hans Christian Gram, scientist can classify many bacterial species into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition.
What is Gram-Positive?
Bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan.
What is Gram-Nagative?
Bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.
What is a capsule?
A sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein wich cover the cell wall of many prokaryotes.
What are sex pili?
appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other.
What are taxis?
Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
What is a nucleoid?
A region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs.
What are plasmids?
A much smaller ring of separately replicating DNA that are in typical prokaryotic cells.
What are endospores?
Certain bacteria develop into this when they do not have the necessities to survive.
What is transformation?
the genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings.
What is transduction?
A process where bacteriphages (also called phages, the viruses that infect bacteria) carry bacterial genes from one host to another. It is a type of horizontal gene transfer.
What is conjugation?
Genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined.
What are Photoautotrophes?
Are photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon compounds. Cyanbacteria and many other groups of prokaryotes belong to this group.
What are Chemoautotrophs?
They need only an inorganic compound such as a carbon source. However, instead of using light energy as an energy source, they oxidize inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, or ferrous ions. This mode of nutrition is unique to certain prokaryotes.
What are Photohetrotrophs?
They harness energy from light but must obtain carbon in organic form. This mode is unique to certain marine and halophilic (salt-loving) prokaryotes.
What are Chemoheterotrophs?
Must consume organic molecules to obtain both energy and carbon. This nutritional mode is widespread among prokaryotes. Fungi, animals, most protists, and even some parasitic plants are also in this group.
What are Obligate aerobes?
They use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it.
What are Obligate anaerobes?
They are poisoned by O2.
What are Facultative anaerobes?
They use O2 if it is present but can also carry out anaerobic respiration or fermentation in an anaerobic environment.
What is nitrogen fixation?
When some cyanobacteria and some methanogens convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.
What are biofilms?
Surface colonies where metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs.
What are heterocytes?
Cells in a filament that carry out only nitrogen fixation.
What are extremophiles?
Arcaea that live in environments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there.
What are extreme halophiles?
They live in highly saline environments, such as the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, and Owens Lake.
What are extreme thermophiles?
They thrive in very hot environments.
What are methanogens?
A group of archaea named for the unique way they obtain energy: They use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane as a waste product.
What are decomposers?
They break down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products, thereby unlocking supplies of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements.
What are host?
The larger organism in a symbiotic relationship.
What is a symbiont?
The smaller organism in a symbiotic relationship.
What is mutualism?
An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit.
What is symbiosis?
An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with one another.
What is commensalism?
An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way.
What is parasitism?
An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host; as a group, parasites harm but do not kill their host, at least not immediately.
What are exotoxins?
Proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms.
What are endotoxins?
Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
What is bioremediation?
The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water.