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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
What is systematics
A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
What is taxonomy?
How organisms are named and classified.
How do scientist avoid ambiguity when communicating about their research?
Biologist refer to organisms by Latin scientific names.
What is binomial?
The two-part format of the scientific name, which was instituted by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th Century.
What does the first part of a binomial refer to?
It refers to the genus to which the species belongs.
What does the second part of a binomial refer to?
It is specific for each species within the genus, called the specific epithet.
What is the hierarchical classification?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A representation in a branching diagram of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
What is PhyloCode?
Only names groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
What does a phylogenetic tree represent?
A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
What is polytomy?
A branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge from.
What is analogy?
An unshared ancestry, rather than a shared ancestry (homology).
What are homoplasies?
Analogous structures that arose independently.
What is molecular systematics?
The discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships.
What are cladistics?
Common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms.
What is monophyletic?
Signifying that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants.
What is a paraphyletic group?
It consist of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.
What is a polyphyletic group?
It includes taxa with different ancestors.
What is shared ancestral character?
A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.
What is a shared derived character?
An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
What is an outgroup?
A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying (ingroup).
What is maximum likelihood?
It states that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
What are orthologous genes?
Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation.
What are paralogous genes?
Result from gene duplication, so they are found in more than one copy in the same genome.
What is a molecular clock?
A yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates.
What is neutral theory say?
That much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
A process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusion of organisms.