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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is phylogeny?
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The evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
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What is systematics
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A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
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What is taxonomy?
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How organisms are named and classified.
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How do scientist avoid ambiguity when communicating about their research?
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Biologist refer to organisms by Latin scientific names.
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What is binomial?
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The two-part format of the scientific name, which was instituted by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th Century.
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What does the first part of a binomial refer to?
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It refers to the genus to which the species belongs.
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What does the second part of a binomial refer to?
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It is specific for each species within the genus, called the specific epithet.
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What is the hierarchical classification?
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What is a phylogenetic tree?
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A representation in a branching diagram of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
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What is PhyloCode?
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Only names groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
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What does a phylogenetic tree represent?
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A hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
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What is polytomy?
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A branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge from.
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What is analogy?
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An unshared ancestry, rather than a shared ancestry (homology).
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What are homoplasies?
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Analogous structures that arose independently.
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What is molecular systematics?
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The discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships.
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What are cladistics?
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Common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms.
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What is monophyletic?
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Signifying that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants.
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What is a paraphyletic group?
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It consist of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.
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What is a polyphyletic group?
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It includes taxa with different ancestors.
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What is shared ancestral character?
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A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.
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What is a shared derived character?
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An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
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What is an outgroup?
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A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying (ingroup).
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What is maximum likelihood?
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It states that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.
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What are orthologous genes?
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Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation.
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What are paralogous genes?
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Result from gene duplication, so they are found in more than one copy in the same genome.
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What is a molecular clock?
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A yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates.
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What is neutral theory say?
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That much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection.
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What is horizontal gene transfer?
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A process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusion of organisms.
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