Biology Unit 2: Ch. 28

Front 1

Protist

Back 1

unicellular eukaryotes

Front 2

Are single-celled protists simple or complex?

Back 2

complex

Front 3

mixotrophs

Back 3

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Hint 3

euglenids

Front 4

What is a heterotroph?

Back 4

organism that absorbs organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

Hint 4

ciliates, amoebas

Front 5

how do protists reproduce?

Back 5

sexually and asexually

Hint 5

2 ways

Front 6

how many supergroups of Eukaryotes are there? What are they?

Back 6

4
Excavata
SAR clade
Archaeplastida
Unikonta

Hint 6

excellent students ate unicorns

Front 7

photoautotrophs

Back 7

Photosynthesize with chloroplasts

Hint 7

algae

Front 8

heterotrophs

Back 8

ingest or absorb food

Hint 8

ciliates, amoebas

Front 9

Endosymbiosis

Back 9

relationship between two species; one organism lives inside the cell(s) of another organism

Hint 9

Mitochondria and plastids

Front 10

which evolved first, mitochondria or plastids?

Back 10

mitochondria

Front 11

secondary endosymbiosis

Back 11

they were ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote; the engulfed cell contains a vestigial nucleus called a nucleomorph

Hint 11

evolution of red and green algae

Front 12

Supergroup:

Excavata

Back 12

Includes:

diplomonads

parabasalids

euglenozoans

Hint 12

Characterized by cytoskeleton

also have "excavated" feeding groove

Front 13

Excavata clade:

Diplomonads

Back 13

Mitosomes- modified mitochondria

2 nuclei- equal sized

Multiple flagella

Hint 13

parasites

ex: Giardia intestinalis (diarrhea unpurified water)

Front 14

Excavata clade:

Parabasalids

Back 14

Hydrogenosomes-

reduced mitochondria

Hint 14

ex: Trichomonas vaginalis (causes yeast infection)

Front 15

Excavata clade:

Euglenozoa

Back 15

Includes:

Kinetoplastids

euglenids

Hint 15

spiral or crystalline rod

(distinguishing feature)

Front 16

Euglenozoa clade:

Kinetoplastids

Back 16

Kinetoplast- DNA in mitochondrion

Hint 16

ex: Trypanosoma (causes sleeping sickness)

ex: Chagas' disease

Front 17

Euglenozoa clade:

Euglenids

Back 17

Flagella: 1 or 2 that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell

Hint 17

Some are mixotrophs

Front 18

Supergroup:

SAR

Back 18

3 major clades:

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

Hint 18

most controversial group

Front 19

SAR clade:

Stramenopiles

Back 19

Include:

diatoms

golden algae

brown algae

Hint 19

Flagella: 1 "hairy", 1 "smooth"

(most)

Front 20

SAR:

Stramenopile:

"Diatoms"

Back 20

Silicon Dioxide glass-like wall

They die and fall to the ocean floor, taking carbon dioxide with them.

Diaomaceous earth: fossilized diatoms

Hint 20

Bacillariophyta

Front 21

SAR:

Stramenopile:

"Golden Algae"

Back 21

named for their "golden" color

Hint 21

Chrysophyta

Front 22

SAR:

Stramenopile:

"Brown Algae"

Back 22

"seaweeds"

blades leaves at the top

stipe stem or trunk

holdfast root-like structure

Hint 22

Phaeophyta

Front 23

SAR Clade:

Alveolates

Back 23

Includes:

Dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta)

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Hint 23

Alveoli

(Defining characteristic)

Front 24

SAR:

Alveolates:

"Dinoflagellates"

Back 24

2 flagella + cellulose plates

aquatic, diverse (photo-, hetero-, and mixotrophs)

cause "red tide"

Hint 24

Pyrrophyta

(Real name)

Front 25

SAR:

Alveolates:

Apicomplexans

Back 25

Parasites

Hint 25

ex: Malaria

-Diploid cycle (mosquito)

-Haploid cycle (human)

Front 26

SAR:

Alveolates:

Ciliates

Back 26

2 (or more) Nuclei

-Macro and Micro

Hint 26

named for their cilia

Front 27

SAR Clade:

Rhizaria

Back 27

Includes:

Radiolarians (Actinopoda)

Forams

Cercozoans

Hint 27

Thread-like pseudopodia

(defining characteristic)

Front 28

SAR:

Rhizaria:

"Radiolarians"

Back 28

Pseudopodia come from center

(use it to engulf microorganisms)

Hint 28

Actinopoda

Front 29

SAR:

Rhizaria:

Forams

Back 29

named for porous tests (shells)

Hint 29

climate change data

Front 30

SAR:

Rhizaria:

Cercozoans

Back 30

chromatophore

(photosynthetic structure)

Hint 30

includes most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia

Front 31

Supergroup:

Archaeplastida

Back 31

Includes:

Red algae (rhodophyta)

Green algae

Land plants

Hint 31

Plastids created by endosymbiotic relationship

Front 32

Archaeplastida:

"Red algae"

Back 32

Phycoerythrin (creates red color)

Hint 32

Rhodophyta

(real name)

Front 33

Archaeplastida:

Green Algae

Back 33

Chlorophytes -

complex - photosyntheses - multicellular

Charophytes -

protists

Hint 33

named for their chloroplasts

Front 34

Archaeplastida:

Land Plants

Back 34

consist of more than we think

Front 35

Supergroup:

Unikonta

Back 35

includes 2 clades:

Amoebozoans

Opisthokonts

Front 36

Unikonta:

Amoebozoans

Back 36

"Slime molds" - Myxomycota

-plasmodial -cellular

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Hint 36

lobed pseudopodia

Front 37

Unikonta:

Amoebozoans:

"Slime molds"

Back 37

2 types:

Plasmodial- Big, bright (2n, multinucleate)

Cellular- individual cells aggregate to form a multicellular body (n, multicellular)

Hint 37

Myxomycota

(real name)

Front 38

Unikonta:

Amoebozoans:

Tubulinids

Back 38

heterotrophs

lobed pseudopodia

Front 39

Unikonta:

Amoebozoans:

"Entamoebas"

Back 39

Parasitic

ex: amebic dysentery

Hint 39

Phylum Sarcodina

(real name)

Front 40

Unikonta:

Opisthokonts

Back 40

Nucleariids*

Fungi

Choanoflagellates*

Animals

*Protists

Front 41

Protists

Back 41

-Symbiotic protists

-Photosynthetic protists (Producers)

Hint 41

2 main roles

Front 42

Symbiotic Protists

Back 42

Symbionts benefit their hosts

Others are Parasitic

Hint 42

Symbiont ex: Dinoflagellates nourish coral polyps Wood-digesting protists digest cellulose in the gut of termites

Parasite ex: Plasmodium - malaria

Front 43

Photosynthetic Protists

Back 43

Producers obtain energy from the sun

they have declined as sea surface temperature has increased

Hint 43

if this continues it can effect:

-Marine ecosystems

-Fishery yields

-Global carbon cycle