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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Biology |
Bio means life, therefore biology is the scientific study of life. It studies how cells form organisms, how the human mind works, and how organisms interact with communities. |
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Define Evolution |
The process of change that transforms the Earth. Many things evolve for survival. For example, flowers may change so that a humming bird may have an easier time consuming nectar. |
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Define DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Deoxy-ribo-nucleic) contains generic material. It is in the form of a double helix. It is the universal genetic language common to all organisms. |
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Define Gene |
Units of inheritance. They control protein production indirectly. They encode information for building molecules synthesized in the cell. |
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Define Hypothesis |
A tentative answer formed for a scientific question. It is usually an accounting of a set of observations & it is testable. |
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List the 3 domains |
(BAE) Bacteria & Archaea are prokaryotes. Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms. |
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Identify the 4 major ELEMENTS |
(CHON) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
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Difference between neutron & proton |
Neutron: an ion with a neutral charge Proton: an ion with a positive charge |
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Difference between atomic number & mass number |
Atomic Number: number of protons in a nucleus Mass Number: sum of protons & neutrons in nucleus |
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Difference between atomic weight & mass number |
Atomic Weight: atom's TOTAL mass Mass Number: sum of protons & neutrons in nucleus |
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Difference between Nonpolar Covalent Bonds & Polar Covalent Bonds |
Nonpolar Covalent Bond: Atoms share electron EQUALLY Polar Covalent Bond: 1 atom is more electronegative, do NOT share electron equally |
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Difference between Ionic Bonds & Hydrogen Bonds |
Ionic Bonds: an attraction between an anion & a cation (STRONG BOND) Hydrogen Bonds: a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to 1 electronegative atom & attracted to another (WEAK BOND) |
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List & explain 4 properties of water that emerge as a result of ability to form hydrogen bonds |
Cohesive: hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together Ability to moderate temperature: High specific heat Expansion upon freezing: evaporative cooling Versatility as a solvent: polarity |
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Difference between hydrophobic & hydrophillic substances |
Hydrophobic: NO affinity for water (does not like water) Hydrophillic: Has affinity for water (does like water) |
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Distinguish between a solute, solvent, & solution |
Solute: dissolved substance Solvent: dissolving agent of solution Solution: a liquid homogeneous mixture of substances |
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Define acid, base, & pH |
Acid: Increases H+ concentration Base: Reduced H+ concentration pH: defined by negative logarithm of H+ concentration |
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Explain how buffers work |
Buffers minimize changes in concentrations of H+ & OH- in a solution. They contain a weak acid in its corresponding base, which combines reversibly with H+ ions |
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Explain how carbon's electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules |
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, which allow it to bond with a bigger variety of atoms. |
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Distinguish among 3 types of isomers |
Structural: different covalent arrangements of atoms Cis-Trans: same covalent bonds, different spacing Enantiomers: Mirror images of each other |
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Name the 7 major functional groups found in organic molecules & describe basic structure of each group |
(C CHAMPS) Carbonyl group (C=O) Carboxyl group (COOH) Hydroxyl group (OH) Amino group (NH2) Methyl group (CH3) Phosphate group (OPO3) Sulfhydral group (SH) |
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Define & describe ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate is an important source of energy for cellular processes. It stores the potential to react with water, which triggers the release of energy that is used by the cell. it is made of one adenosine molecule & 3 phosphate groups. |
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List & describe 4 major CLASSES of molecules |
Carbohydrates: serve as fuel & building material Lipids: a diverse group hydrophobic molecules Proteins: include a divesity of structures, resulting in many different functions Nucleic Acid: store, transmit & help express hereditary information. |
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Define a dehydration reaction & a hydrolysis reaction |
Dehydration Reaction: occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule. Hydrolysis Reaction: (opposite of dehydration) bond is broken by addition of water molecule |
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Describe formation of a glycosidic linkage & distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, & polysaccharides |
Glycosidic linkage: bond of 2 monosaccharides by dehydration reaction Monosaccharides: single & simple sugars Disaccharides: consists of 2 monosaccharides Polysaccharides: macromolecule, made up of many monosaccharides |
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Distinguish between saturated & unsaturated fats |
Saturated fats: have max # of hydrogen atoms & NO double bonds Unsaturated fats: have 1 or MORE double bonds |
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Distinguish between pyrimidine & purine |
Pyrimidine: have a single 6 membered ring (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil) Purine: have a 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring (Adenine & Guanine) |
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Distinguish between nucleotide & nucleoside |
Nucleotide: Nucleoside + Phosphate group Nucleoside: Nitrogenous base + sugar |
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Distinguish between ribose & deoxyribose |
Ribose: sugar in RNA Deoxyribose: sugar in DNA |
