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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is phylogeny? |
Study of evolutionary relationships among species relations can be presented in a phylogenic tree |
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What is a Clade? |
Shows a group of species that all share a common ancestor in a phylogenic tree |
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What is bio-diversity? |
The variety and number of life forms (species) on earth |
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How are species distinguished |
Used to be my morphology now distinguished by the biological species concept |
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Biological species concept ? |
A group whose members have the potential interbreed in nature and produce fertile offsprings
The mating must be natural not hybrids created in a lab |
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What is the morphological species concept? |
Identifies species based on measurable anatomical features used when the biological species concept can not be used works for extinct species or fossils |
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What is species diversity? |
Variation of different species |
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What is variation within a species? |
When when there are more breeds inside the species I.e dogs have different types of breeds like poodles |
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What is the number of individual within each species ? |
100 members in each of 5 species is more diverse than 15 members in each of 5 species |
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What are viruses? |
Very simple particles made up of genetic material and a capsid (protein coat) |
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What characteristics do viruses have that make them alive ? |
The reproduce, grow and develop and respond to their environment |
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What is viral specificity ? |
These are viruses that are very specific in which host cells they can attach to I.e viruses that give you the flu only attach your respiratory organs |
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What is the lytic cycle ? |
The lytic cycle is when the virus attacks a cell replicated and lyses (breaks open) the host cell and the host cell dies afterwards |
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What are the stages of the lytic cycle? |
The virus recognizes and approaches the host cell
The virus injects its genetic material
The virus uses the host proteins to replicate its genetic material and makes more copies of itself
The new virus breaks open the host cell (lyses) |
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What is lysogenic cycle? |
It's like the lytic cycle but the when the virus injects the genetic material into the hosts cells DNA |
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What are the stages of the lysogenic cycle? |
The genetic material from the virus is inserted into the host cell DNA
The genetic material is copied when the bacterium divers and is passed on to the two new daughter cells
The genetic material becomes active when certain environmental factors trigger it
The virus then enter the lytic stage as normal |
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What are the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycle? |
Lytic: is shorter time, cell does not divide after infection, cells are infected one at a time and results in cell death
Lysogenic: takes longer, viral DNA is passed on to daughter cells, required environmental stimulus to begin the lytic cycle and once the lytic cycle begins it results in cell death |
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What are some exceptions to lyses? |
Sometimes viruses squeeze through the cell membrane instead this is easier because the viruses are covered in membrane and disguise as a normal cell |
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What are some treatments to viruses? |
Vaccines are made from viruses
Body remembers the virus and thus reacts quickly To prevent future infections why we don't get the chicken pox twice |
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How can viruses be useful? |
Used to make vaccines Used to treat genetic disorders Used to deliver medicine to target cells Genetic engineering |
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What is taxonomy? |
The science of classifying organisms
Purpose: to identify organisms And to represents relationships among them |
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What did Carl Linnaeus create? |
The 7 taxonomy ranks used to classify organisms that we still use today each group is called a taxon or taxa
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
He used simple characteristics to identify new species |
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Where are the reproductive structures in the bodies of fungi? |
The reproductive structures are visible above ground fungi's mainly underground |
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How do fungi reproduce sexually? |
It's called the basidiomycete life cycle
Haploid spores produce hyphae with haploid nuclei
Hyphae fuse with other hyphae to produce dikaryotic cells (cells with 2 nuclei)
Hyphae mature into mycelium
Mature myecelium produce sexual structures (caps with gills )
Gills produce spores |
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What is binomial nomenclature? |
Classification system used to name species
First part of name is genus Second part of name is the species |
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What is a dichotomous key? |
A key used to classify unknown organisms by using there characteristics of the organisms to determine which group it should be placed in based upon those characteristics |
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What does the biological species concept not work for? |
Does not work for extinct of asexual species
Does not work for some sexual species |
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What are the characteristics of fungi? |
Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes (unlike plants they lack chlorophyll) |
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Where does the fungi live, eat and how does it reproduce? |
Lives in dark and damp areas other organisms are underground
They absorb nutrients from their environment and decompose dead organic matter
Some reproduce sexually and all fungi can reproduce asexually
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What type of eukaryotes are fungi? |
Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes (unlike plants they lack chlorophyll) |
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What are the structures of most fungi? |
Body of the fungi is a mesh-like network of filaments called mycelium |
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What is the mushrooms lifecycle? |
It's called the basidiomycete life cycle
Haploid spores produce hyphae with haploid nuclei
Hyphae fuse with other hyphae to produce dikaryotic cells (cells with 2 nuclei)
Hyphae mature into mycelium Mature myecelium produce sexual structures (caps with gills )
Gills produce spores |
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What is a symbiotic relationship? Give an example |
Is close and often long term interaction between 2 different biological species
Leaf cutter ants cut leafs feed fungus leaf pulp and eat and live in the fungus |
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What are the characteristics of bacteria? |
Prokaryotic- don't have membrane bound organelles
DNA-single circular chromosome which often has an extra piece at the end called a plasmid
Reproduces: asexually (binary fission) and sometimes sexually (conjugation) |
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What are the parts of a bacteria and there functions? |
Cell wall- provides structure and protection for the contents of the cell
Cell membrane: controls the passage of materials in and out This is also where cellular respiration occurs there is no chloroplasts or mitochondria
Pili (s.pilus)- stiff proteins projections for adhesion and sometimes conjugation
Flagella- is for movement |
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How does bacteria reproduce asexually? |
Single strand of DNA replicates
Plasmid also replicates at tho time
New cell wall forms and divides bacterium into 2 identical cells |
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How does bacteria reproduce sexually? |
2 bacteria make contact via pilus
The plasmid DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient
Recipient cell has new DNA this sexual reproduction |
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What is a diplo-cocci, streptobacilli and a straphlospirillia look like ? |
Pair of circular bacteria
Chain of rod like bacteria
Clump of spiral looking bacteria |
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If the bacteria is a heterotrophs what does it mean to be saprobes? |
It decomposes dead matter |
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The bacteria is a heterotrophs what does it mean if it is a parasites? |
It absorbs nutrient from living organisms |
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What type of bacteria autotrophs are there? |
Photo autotrophs: obtain energy from sunlight
Chemo autotrophs: obtain energy from chemical reactions |
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There are three kinds of cellular respiration that occurs in bacteria in the cell membrane what are they? |
Obligate aerobes: require oxygen
Obligate anaerobes: grow in absence of oxygen
Facultative anaerobes: survive with or without oxygen |
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How do endoscopes form in bacteria? |
Bacteria will form spores (endospores)
These spores will form a thick wall that surrounds the DNA and the cytoplasm
The spore can remain dormant for a several months until the conditions become favourable again |
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What are pathogenic bacteria and how do you treat it? |
Cause disease by producing toxins and are treated using antibiotics which kill Most bacteria easily |
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What are anti-resistant bacteria ? |
Bacteria that are no longer killed by the treatment of antibiotics
The strong ones survive and reproduce creating a colony of strong/resistant bacteria
These resistance genes are found in plasmids |
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What is endosymbiosis? |
Internal mitochondria and chloroplasts were thought to have originated from prokaryotes that were engulfed by another cell |
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How do prokaryotes become eukaryotes? |
Internal membranes evolved from folding of cell membrane more folding =more SA= larger cell size
Endosymbiosis allowed prokaryotic cells to engulf prokaryotic cells like mitochondria and chloroplast in order for them to function in the cell and allows the prokaryotic cells to become eukaryotic |
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What are some paramecium (protist) characteristics? |
Has cillas that act as oars in water Cilla also sweeps food into an oral groove Food in enveloped into a vacuole digested and discharged out an anal pore Had rigid covering called pellicle which provides shape |
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What are the characteristics for amoeba? |
Move with pseudopods (fake feet extensions of cytoplasm)
Feed through endosymbiosis (engulfing into cytoplasm)
Reproduces sexually and asexually
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What are general characteristics of plants? |
Eukaryotic, multicellular Photosynthetic
Cellulose in cell wall
Mostly terrestrial variety of living conditions
Does not move (stationary) will slightly move
Reproduces asexually and sexually |
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What is a cuticle and stomata on a plant? |
Cuticle: waxy coating preventing water loss
Stomata: open for gas exchange closed to prevent water loss |
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What are the four major plant groups? |
Mosses Ferns Conifers Flowering |
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What is the plant evolution? |
Back (Definition) |
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What are the characteristics for mosses? |
Non-vascular
Plants lack true roots stems and leaves
Grown in dense mats in moist environments
Sperm "swim" so water is needed |
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What are ferns characteristics? |
Vascular system (conducts tissues) xylem and phloem- transports water and nutrients
Transport= taller growth |
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How do flowers produce sexually ? |
Pollination |
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What's a gymnosperms? |
Specialized reproductive comes
Pollen and egg cones (male and female)
Pollen grain produces embryo inside female come |
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What's an angiosperm? |
Flowering plants
Reproduce sexually by pollination they can self pollinate or cross pollinate through bees, birds, wind, water |
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How are fruits formed in flowers? |
Flowers produce both sperm and eggs
Eggs protected by ovary
Seeds within ovary and ovary becomes fruit |
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What are characteristics for animals? |
Heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotes
Mobile
Require oxygen for cellular respiration |
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What are stem cells? |
Undifferentiated cells that are able to develop into all specific types of cells
Tissues are a group of differentiated cells working and acting together |
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What is the Genetic analysis? |
It identifies species using a small sample of DNA |
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What are viroids? |
They are viruses that only infect plants only small piece of RNA and it is not clear how they cause diseases |
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What are prions? |
Abnormal shapes proteins that travel in the blood and affect the brain
No DNA OR RNA they infect mammals and prions cover other proteins into prions |
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What are the six kingdoms? |
Archae, bacteria (eubacteria), Protista (algae), fungi, plants and animals |
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What are the 3 domains of life? |
Eubacteria, eukaryota and archaea |
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What is the strong evidence that indicates that endosymbiosis happened in order for eukaryotes to get there mitochondria and chloroplasts? |
There are 2 membranes
Inner membrane is similar to prokaryotes
Own chromosomes
Can reproduce through binary fission
Now live within another cell mutualistic
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How do protist reproduce? |
Binary fission and conjugation
Multicellular could involve both asexual and sexual phases
Alternation of generations |
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How do protist reproduce? |
Binary fission and conjugation
Multicellular could involve both asexual and sexual phases
Alternation of generations |
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What is the life cycle of algae? |
Large algae(adult) is diploid contains normal # of chromosomes
Releases spores that are single celled or haploid (half the normal # of chromosomes)
Spores divide to produce multicellular haploid gametophytes (asexual)
Gametophytes produce sperm and eggs Fertilized egg becomes diploid adult
This is called alternation of generations |
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What are animals characteristics? |
They're heterotrophic, multicellular and require oxygen for cellular respiration |
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How do you distinguish phyla? |
Germ layer similarities: 3 embryonic get layers
Ectoderm (outer layer) Mesoderm (middle layer) Endoderm (inner layer)
Not all phyla have all layers Cnidera does not have mesoderm |
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How do you distinguish phyla? |
Germ layer similarities: 3 embryonic get layers
Ectoderm (outer layer) Mesoderm (middle layer) Endoderm (inner layer)
Not all phyla have all layers Cnidera does not have mesoderm |
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What does the ectoderm develop into? |
Shells scales feathers hair and nails |
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How do you distinguish phyla? |
Germ layer similarities: 3 embryonic get layers
Ectoderm (outer layer) Mesoderm (middle layer) Endoderm (inner layer)
Not all phyla have all layers Cnidera does not have mesoderm |
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What does the ectoderm develop into? |
Shells scales feathers hair and nails |
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What does the mesoderm develop into? |
Circulatory, reproductive, excretory, muscular systems and body cavity |
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How do you distinguish phyla? |
Germ layer similarities: 3 embryonic get layers
Ectoderm (outer layer) Mesoderm (middle layer) Endoderm (inner layer)
Presence of a body cavity (Coelum) or not
Not all phyla have all layers Cnidera does not have mesoderm |
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What does the ectoderm develop into? |
Shells scales feathers hair and nails |
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What does the mesoderm develop into? |
Circulatory, reproductive, excretory, muscular systems and body cavity |
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What does the endoderm develop into? |
Inner lining of gut, and respiratory system |
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What is the phylum: Porifera? And it's traits? |
Sea sponges, bath sponges (simple vertebrates) No nerves
Flagellated cells create flow of water (with food particles that are taken in by the cell)-in through pores and out through the top
Hemaphrodidic Adults are sessile (can't move)
Ciliated larvae are motile until they find a suitable habitat
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What is the phylum: Cnidaria? And what are its traits? |
Jelly fish and corals (simple invertebrates)
Nerves Radical symmetry No mesoderm Tentacles with stinging cells |
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What is the phylum: Platyhelminthes? |
Protostome invertebrate Tape worm New Zealand flatworms Flat segmented worms Most have a single opening digestive cavity (mouth and Anus) No Coelum |
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What is the phylum: Nematoda? |
Protostome invertebrate Round worms Digestive system (tube within a tube) Parasitic |
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What is the phylum: Anelida? |
Protostome invertebrates Segmented worms Segmented Digestive and circulatory system Gas exchange through skin or gills |
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What is the phylum Rotifera |
Protostome invertebrates
Aquatic Use cilla to feed |
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What is the phylum: mollusca? |
Mussels, snails and slugs octopus
3 unsegmented body parts (Foot, visceral mass, mantle) Gills Digestive and circulatory system |
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What is the phylum Arthropoda? |
Crayfish and spiders Hard chitin exoskeleton Gills or internal airways Segmented bodies Joined appendages Many systems |
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What is the phylum: echinoderma |
Sea urchin or star fish
Similar embryonic stages to Chordata Bilateral symmetry in youth radical symmetry No head Nerves circle mouth and extend to arms |
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What is the phylum Chordata? |
Fish, mammals, reptiles, birds
Most complex organisms Skeleton grows with organism Most classes are fish |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? |
P: archae, bacteria
E: plantae, animalia, Protista, fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? |
P: archae, bacteria
E: plantae, animalia, Protista, fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have a nuclear envelope and which ones don't ? |
Don't: bacteria, archae
Do: plantae, animalia,Protista and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? |
P: archae, bacteria
E: plantae, animalia, Protista, fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have a nuclear envelope and which ones don't ? |
Don't: bacteria, archae
Do: plantae, animalia,Protista and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have mitochondria and which ones have chloroplasts? |
Chloroplast: plantae, Protista, bacteria, archaea
Mitochondria: animalia and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? |
P: archae, bacteria
E: plantae, animalia, Protista, fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have a nuclear envelope and which ones don't ? |
Don't: bacteria, archae
Do: plantae, animalia,Protista and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have mitochondria and which ones have chloroplasts? |
Chloroplast: plantae, Protista, bacteria, archaea
Mitochondria: animalia and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have cell walls and which ones don't? |
Do: bacteria, archae, Protista, plantae
Don't: fungi and animalia |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? |
P: archae, bacteria
E: plantae, animalia, Protista, fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have a nuclear envelope and which ones don't ? |
Don't: bacteria, archae
Do: plantae, animalia,Protista and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have mitochondria and which ones have chloroplasts? |
Chloroplast: plantae, Protista, bacteria, archaea
Mitochondria: animalia and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have cell walls and which ones don't? |
Do: bacteria, archae, Protista, plantae
Don't: fungi and animalia |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones are heterotrophic, chemotrophic or photosynthetic? |
Archae: Herero, photo, chemo Bacteria: some are photo some are hetero Protista:hetero and photo Fungi: hetero Plantae:photo Animalia: hetero |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? |
P: archae, bacteria
E: plantae, animalia, Protista, fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have a nuclear envelope and which ones don't ? |
Don't: bacteria, archae
Do: plantae, animalia,Protista and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have mitochondria and which ones have chloroplasts? |
Chloroplast: plantae, Protista, bacteria, archaea
Mitochondria: animalia and fungi |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones have cell walls and which ones don't? |
Do: bacteria, archae, Protista, plantae
Don't: fungi and animalia |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones are heterotrophic, chemotrophic or photosynthetic? |
Bacteria: Herero, photo, chemo Archae: some are photo some are hetero Protista:hetero and photo Fungi: hetero Plantae:photo Animalia: hetero |
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Out of the six kingdoms which ones can reproduce asexually and which ones can produce sexually? |
Archae: asexual Bacteria: both Protista: both Fungi: both Plantae: both Animalia: sexual |
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Out of the six kingdoms which one has a nervous system |
Animalia |
