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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DNA
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signature molecule of a cell-smallest unit that has the capacity for life-deoxyrybonucleic acid
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Inheritance
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acquiaition of traits through the transmission of DNA from paretns to fofspring
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Reproductioin
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actual mechanisms fo transmitting DNA to offspring
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Lineage
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an ancestor/descendent squence of populations
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Variations
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difference that occur in offspring due to mutations
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Mutations
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point changes in DNA or changes in structure or number of DNA molecules
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Evolution
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geneological descent with modification
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Monophyletic
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the idea the all lifeforms have a common ancestor and all of descendents; recongized by a pattern of shared derived characters
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Metabolism
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living cells' copacity to obtain and convert energy from its surroundings and use energy to maintian itself, grow, and produce more cells
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Receptors/stimulus
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the molecules and structures that detect simuli, which is a specific form of energy that a receptor can detect
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ATP
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adenaphine tri-phosphate, the thing all lifeforms use to transport energy
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Kingdoms
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Protistans, plants, fungi, animals, eukaryotes, archaebacteria, eubacteria
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Hydrophilic
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water loving
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Hydrophobic
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fear of water
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Natural selection
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result of difference in survival and reproduction among individuals of a population that vary in one or more of their shared, heritable traits
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Carbohydrates
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molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and xygen mostely in a 1:2:1 ratio
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Monosaccharide
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type of carb; alone, single
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Oligosaccharide
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type of carb; short chain carb of two ro more convalently bonded sugar monomers
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Polysaccharide
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type of carb; straight or branched chaing of many covalently linked sugar units of the same or different kinds, (cellulose, starch, and glycogen)
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Complex carbs
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plymers of 100 to 1000 unites
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Glycogen
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branched chain (in animals) of energy storage
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Lipids
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greasy or oily compunds, will not dissolved in water (no charge)
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Glycerides
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fatty acids attached to glycerol
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Phospholipids
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in membranes
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Amino acids
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building blocks of a protein (structure, enzymes, transporters, antibodies
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Primary structure
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chain of amino acides
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Secondary structure
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coiling or flat sheets
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tertiary structure
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complex pattern of bending and folding (interaction of R groups)
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Quaternary structure
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2 or more polypeptide chains
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Neucleic acids
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a polymer of nuecleoides; it has three parts : phosphate group, sugar, base
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Cell membrane
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composed of a pospholipid bilayer and proteins; is differentiall permiable
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Diffusion
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net movement of like molecules or ions downs their concentration gradient
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Hypotonic fluid
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a fluid with fewer solutes
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hypertonic fluid
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a fluid with more solutes
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Osmosis
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movement of H2O across a selectivesly permiable membrane
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Active Transport
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proteins used that require ATP
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Passive Transport
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prteins used
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Diffusion over lipid bilayer
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does not involve proteins
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Exocytosis
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elements go out
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Endocytosis
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elements go in
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Prokaryotic cells
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cells in bacteria and archeans (archecacteria)
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Ancestral cell structure
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gave rise to eukaryotes
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Nucleus
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in all ekaryotes; 2-layerd nuclear envelope with pores
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Nucleosis
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RNA+proteins assembled into ribosoml subunits
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Chromosomes
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DNA complexed with histone proteins
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Cytomembrane system
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located in all eukaryotes; contains endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, vesicles
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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transport of proteins; modification of proteins by adding oligosaccharides
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Golgi bodies
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lipid synthesis (plants) plus modification of lipids and proteins (all eukaryotes)
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Lysosomes
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digestion/breakdown; special kind of vesicle
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Motochondria
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endosymbionts; contain DNA (bacteria-like), robosomes, liberate energy stored in glucose (ATP, eorobic respiration); had 2 membranes
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Chloroplasts
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an endosymbient (most derived from photosynthetic bacteria, the cyanobacteria); located in green plants, some stramenopiles, some alveolates, rod algae, and evglenas
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Photosynthesis
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using sunlight energy, to make glucose from CO2, and H2O; contain chlorophyll, a light-capturing green pigment
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Cytoskeleton
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fibers that provide shape, organization, and movement (nearly all eukaryotes)
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Mocrotublues
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tubulin subunites liked together; important iin maintaining cell shape and movement by forming flagella and ceilia
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Centrioles
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cyliinders of microtubules used in cell dvivision
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Spindle fibers
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movement of chromosomes in cell division
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Micorofilaments
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actin subunits, contraction as in muslces and some plant roots
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Cell walls
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2 kinds: chitin and cellulose; chitin is in fungi and cellulos in green plants; provide protection, water balance (keeping cells turgid)-->lacks in animals
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Vacuole
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found in plants
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Catalytic molecules
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proteins that speed up reactions
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Autotrophs
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mainly phtosynthetic organisms, get nergy form sun and used CO2, H2O
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Heterotrophs
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get energy from organic compounds
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Photosynthesis-light dependent reactions
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sunlight is absorbed, converted to ATP energy; water is split and NADP+ picks up liberated H+ and electrons-->NADPH
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Photosynthesis-light independent reactions
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ATP drives assmebly of C,H, and O into glucose (C6H12O6); O and C from CO2, H from H2O water (delivered by NADPH)
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Stroma
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light independ reactions
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Thylakoid membranes
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light dependent reactions
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Chlorophyll
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a light trapping pigment; absorbs most light in the violet and red; green light passes through and is reflected by surroundeing tissues
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3-phosphogylcerate
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C-3 pathway, 3 carbon molecule
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Oxaolacetate
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C-4 pathway, 4 carbon molecules
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Respiration
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energy releasing; a downhill reaction, glucose has more energy than CO2
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Anaerobic respiration
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glycolysis, in cytoplasm, no free O2
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Aerobic respiration
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O2, Krebs Ccle (matrix of mitochondrion), Electron transport (membranes of mitochondrion)
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Electron Transport System
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H+ pumped out of inner sompartmnt of mitochondria then used to produce ATPs
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Cell division
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reproduction, fission, mitosis and meiosis, crhomosome
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Reproduction (cells)
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daughter cells must be provided with a complete set of genetic instructions (DNA)
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fission (cells)
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in bacteria and archaens, division of circular strand of DNA
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Mitosis and Meiosis (cells)
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in eukaryotes
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Chromosome (cell)
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KNA and attached histone proteins, each cell has 2 of every chromosome (diploid)
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Mitosis
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used for asexual reproduction, growth of plant or animal bodies
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Interphase (cell)
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interval between nuclear divisions when a cell increases in mass and roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components; duplicates its chromosomes (replicates DNA
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Interphase G1
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cell growth before DNa is duplicated
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Interphase S
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synthesis, period of DNA duplication
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Interphase G2
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preparation for cell division
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Mitosis stages
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1)prophase 2)metaphase
3)anaphase 4)telophase...then cytoplasm is divided |
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Meiosis
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for gamete(animal) and spore(plant); sexual reproduction, homologous chromosomes, form pairs, crossing over
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Homologous chromosomes
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in diploid organisms, pairs of chromosomes that are physically and genetically alike
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Meiosis (crossing over)
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swap genetic material, between 2 homologous chromosomes
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Prophase 1
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nuclear envelope breaks apart, chromosomes shorten, spindle forms; chromosome pairs with homologous chromosome
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Gene
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unit of information about particular trait, at a particular location on the chromosome (locus); different molecualr forms are called alleles
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Homozygous
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two alike alleles
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Heterozygous
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two different alleles
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Dominant gene
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allele expressed in phenotype with just 1 copy
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Recessive gene
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need 2 copies for expression
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Genotype
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an indiviuals genes
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Phenotype
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observable traits in body of organism
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Incomplete dominance
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offspring have an intermidiate condition
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indpendent assortment
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during meiosis, the gene pairs of homologous chromosomes tend to be sorted into one gamete or another, independently of how other gene pairs on the other chromosomes are sorted out
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Pleiotropy
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multiple effects on the same gene
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Continuous variation
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of a population, a more or less continuous range of small differences in a given trait among its individuals (controled by many genes)
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Karyotype
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characteristics of metaphse chromosomes, size, number, morphology form
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Pedigree
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track a trait thorugh gnerations
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Genetic disorders
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inherited conditions causing medical problems
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Galactosemia
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1/1000000 defective enzyme in breakdown of lactose; leads to high levels of glactose; liver, eye, brain damage; lactose free diet
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Albinism
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lack of melanin
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Sickle-cell anemia
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heterozygotes favored for malarial resistence
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Phenylketonuria
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cannot metabolise phenylalanine
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Autosomal Dominant
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trait in each generation; rare, selected gainst; or allele may not prevent reproduction of may not show up until after reproductive age
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autosomal inhertitance
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recessive allele
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X-linked recessive
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allele on X chomosome, so shows up usually inmales; a son cannot inherit from father
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Deletion
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loss of a part of a chromosome
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Duplication
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region of chromosome is duplicated
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Translation
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part of one chromosome inserted into another
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Centric fusion/fission
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when the chromosome splits at the centromere
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Inversion
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where a pierce of the DNA is inverted (1234-->1324)
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Aneuploidy
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one more, one less (down syndrome = one more)
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Polyploidy
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duplication of entrie chromosome set
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Transcription
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DNA to RNA; produces mRNA; protein building instructions
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Translation
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RNA to proteins
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rRNA
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ribosomal RNA, major component of ribosomes; where protein synthesis occurs
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tRNA
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transfer RNA, molecules that deliver amino acides to ribosomes
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Eukaryotes DNA (organization)
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bound with many proteins (histone proteins); form of a coil due to histone interactions
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DNA Replication
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enzymes unwinde DNA, weak H bonds broken; each strand serves as template for construction of complementary straing (DNA polymerase)
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Codons
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"code words" in translation of mRNA; set of 3 nucleotide bases
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tRNA
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transfer RNA, carry an amino acide, and have an anticodon (which compliments the codon for that amino acide
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Mutations
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mistakes in DNA replication
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Recombinant DNA
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genetic engineering
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Plasmids
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circular molecule of "extra" DNA in a bacterium; "sex" exchanging plasmids viral DNA
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Restriction enzymes
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Present in baceria, used it cut up viral DNA, cut at particular points (GAATTC<--cut btwn AA); a virus defense
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