Biology Unit 1 Exam (Ch. 1-16

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

signature molecule of a cell-smallest unit that has the capacity for life-deoxyrybonucleic acid

Front 2

Inheritance

Back 2

acquiaition of traits through the transmission of DNA from paretns to fofspring

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Reproductioin

Back 3

actual mechanisms fo transmitting DNA to offspring

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Lineage

Back 4

an ancestor/descendent squence of populations

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Variations

Back 5

difference that occur in offspring due to mutations

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Mutations

Back 6

point changes in DNA or changes in structure or number of DNA molecules

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Evolution

Back 7

geneological descent with modification

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Monophyletic

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the idea the all lifeforms have a common ancestor and all of descendents; recongized by a pattern of shared derived characters

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Metabolism

Back 9

living cells' copacity to obtain and convert energy from its surroundings and use energy to maintian itself, grow, and produce more cells

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Receptors/stimulus

Back 10

the molecules and structures that detect simuli, which is a specific form of energy that a receptor can detect

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ATP

Back 11

adenaphine tri-phosphate, the thing all lifeforms use to transport energy

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Kingdoms

Back 12

Protistans, plants, fungi, animals, eukaryotes, archaebacteria, eubacteria

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Hydrophilic

Back 13

water loving

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Hydrophobic

Back 14

fear of water

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Natural selection

Back 15

result of difference in survival and reproduction among individuals of a population that vary in one or more of their shared, heritable traits

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Carbohydrates

Back 16

molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and xygen mostely in a 1:2:1 ratio

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Monosaccharide

Back 17

type of carb; alone, single

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Oligosaccharide

Back 18

type of carb; short chain carb of two ro more convalently bonded sugar monomers

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Polysaccharide

Back 19

type of carb; straight or branched chaing of many covalently linked sugar units of the same or different kinds, (cellulose, starch, and glycogen)

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Complex carbs

Back 20

plymers of 100 to 1000 unites

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Glycogen

Back 21

branched chain (in animals) of energy storage

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Lipids

Back 22

greasy or oily compunds, will not dissolved in water (no charge)

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Glycerides

Back 23

fatty acids attached to glycerol

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Phospholipids

Back 24

in membranes

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Amino acids

Back 25

building blocks of a protein (structure, enzymes, transporters, antibodies

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Primary structure

Back 26

chain of amino acides

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Secondary structure

Back 27

coiling or flat sheets

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tertiary structure

Back 28

complex pattern of bending and folding (interaction of R groups)

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Quaternary structure

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2 or more polypeptide chains

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Neucleic acids

Back 30

a polymer of nuecleoides; it has three parts : phosphate group, sugar, base

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Cell membrane

Back 31

composed of a pospholipid bilayer and proteins; is differentiall permiable

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Diffusion

Back 32

net movement of like molecules or ions downs their concentration gradient

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Hypotonic fluid

Back 33

a fluid with fewer solutes

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hypertonic fluid

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a fluid with more solutes

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Osmosis

Back 35

movement of H2O across a selectivesly permiable membrane

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Active Transport

Back 36

proteins used that require ATP

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Passive Transport

Back 37

prteins used

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Diffusion over lipid bilayer

Back 38

does not involve proteins

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Exocytosis

Back 39

elements go out

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Endocytosis

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elements go in

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Prokaryotic cells

Back 41

cells in bacteria and archeans (archecacteria)

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Ancestral cell structure

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gave rise to eukaryotes

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Nucleus

Back 43

in all ekaryotes; 2-layerd nuclear envelope with pores

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Nucleosis

Back 44

RNA+proteins assembled into ribosoml subunits

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Chromosomes

Back 45

DNA complexed with histone proteins

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Cytomembrane system

Back 46

located in all eukaryotes; contains endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, vesicles

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Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 47

transport of proteins; modification of proteins by adding oligosaccharides

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Golgi bodies

Back 48

lipid synthesis (plants) plus modification of lipids and proteins (all eukaryotes)

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Lysosomes

Back 49

digestion/breakdown; special kind of vesicle

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Motochondria

Back 50

endosymbionts; contain DNA (bacteria-like), robosomes, liberate energy stored in glucose (ATP, eorobic respiration); had 2 membranes

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Chloroplasts

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an endosymbient (most derived from photosynthetic bacteria, the cyanobacteria); located in green plants, some stramenopiles, some alveolates, rod algae, and evglenas

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Photosynthesis

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using sunlight energy, to make glucose from CO2, and H2O; contain chlorophyll, a light-capturing green pigment

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Cytoskeleton

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fibers that provide shape, organization, and movement (nearly all eukaryotes)

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Mocrotublues

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tubulin subunites liked together; important iin maintaining cell shape and movement by forming flagella and ceilia

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Centrioles

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cyliinders of microtubules used in cell dvivision

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Spindle fibers

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movement of chromosomes in cell division

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Micorofilaments

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actin subunits, contraction as in muslces and some plant roots

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Cell walls

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2 kinds: chitin and cellulose; chitin is in fungi and cellulos in green plants; provide protection, water balance (keeping cells turgid)-->lacks in animals

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Vacuole

Back 59

found in plants

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Catalytic molecules

Back 60

proteins that speed up reactions

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Autotrophs

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mainly phtosynthetic organisms, get nergy form sun and used CO2, H2O

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Heterotrophs

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get energy from organic compounds

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Photosynthesis-light dependent reactions

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sunlight is absorbed, converted to ATP energy; water is split and NADP+ picks up liberated H+ and electrons-->NADPH

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Photosynthesis-light independent reactions

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ATP drives assmebly of C,H, and O into glucose (C6H12O6); O and C from CO2, H from H2O water (delivered by NADPH)

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Stroma

Back 65

light independ reactions

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Thylakoid membranes

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light dependent reactions

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Chlorophyll

Back 67

a light trapping pigment; absorbs most light in the violet and red; green light passes through and is reflected by surroundeing tissues

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3-phosphogylcerate

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C-3 pathway, 3 carbon molecule

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Oxaolacetate

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C-4 pathway, 4 carbon molecules

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Respiration

Back 70

energy releasing; a downhill reaction, glucose has more energy than CO2

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Anaerobic respiration

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glycolysis, in cytoplasm, no free O2

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Aerobic respiration

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O2, Krebs Ccle (matrix of mitochondrion), Electron transport (membranes of mitochondrion)

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Electron Transport System

Back 73

H+ pumped out of inner sompartmnt of mitochondria then used to produce ATPs

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Cell division

Back 74

reproduction, fission, mitosis and meiosis, crhomosome

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Reproduction (cells)

Back 75

daughter cells must be provided with a complete set of genetic instructions (DNA)

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fission (cells)

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in bacteria and archaens, division of circular strand of DNA

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Mitosis and Meiosis (cells)

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in eukaryotes

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Chromosome (cell)

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KNA and attached histone proteins, each cell has 2 of every chromosome (diploid)

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Mitosis

Back 79

used for asexual reproduction, growth of plant or animal bodies

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Interphase (cell)

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interval between nuclear divisions when a cell increases in mass and roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components; duplicates its chromosomes (replicates DNA

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Interphase G1

Back 81

cell growth before DNa is duplicated

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Interphase S

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synthesis, period of DNA duplication

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Interphase G2

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preparation for cell division

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Mitosis stages

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1)prophase 2)metaphase
3)anaphase 4)telophase...then cytoplasm is divided

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Meiosis

Back 85

for gamete(animal) and spore(plant); sexual reproduction, homologous chromosomes, form pairs, crossing over

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Homologous chromosomes

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in diploid organisms, pairs of chromosomes that are physically and genetically alike

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Meiosis (crossing over)

Back 87

swap genetic material, between 2 homologous chromosomes

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Prophase 1

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nuclear envelope breaks apart, chromosomes shorten, spindle forms; chromosome pairs with homologous chromosome

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Gene

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unit of information about particular trait, at a particular location on the chromosome (locus); different molecualr forms are called alleles

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Homozygous

Back 90

two alike alleles

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Heterozygous

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two different alleles

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Dominant gene

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allele expressed in phenotype with just 1 copy

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Recessive gene

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need 2 copies for expression

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Genotype

Back 94

an indiviuals genes

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Phenotype

Back 95

observable traits in body of organism

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Incomplete dominance

Back 96

offspring have an intermidiate condition

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indpendent assortment

Back 97

during meiosis, the gene pairs of homologous chromosomes tend to be sorted into one gamete or another, independently of how other gene pairs on the other chromosomes are sorted out

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Pleiotropy

Back 98

multiple effects on the same gene

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Continuous variation

Back 99

of a population, a more or less continuous range of small differences in a given trait among its individuals (controled by many genes)

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Karyotype

Back 100

characteristics of metaphse chromosomes, size, number, morphology form

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Pedigree

Back 101

track a trait thorugh gnerations

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Genetic disorders

Back 102

inherited conditions causing medical problems

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Galactosemia

Back 103

1/1000000 defective enzyme in breakdown of lactose; leads to high levels of glactose; liver, eye, brain damage; lactose free diet

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Albinism

Back 104

lack of melanin

Front 105

Sickle-cell anemia

Back 105

heterozygotes favored for malarial resistence

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Phenylketonuria

Back 106

cannot metabolise phenylalanine

Front 107

Autosomal Dominant

Back 107

trait in each generation; rare, selected gainst; or allele may not prevent reproduction of may not show up until after reproductive age

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autosomal inhertitance

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recessive allele

Front 109

X-linked recessive

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allele on X chomosome, so shows up usually inmales; a son cannot inherit from father

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Deletion

Back 110

loss of a part of a chromosome

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Duplication

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region of chromosome is duplicated

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Translation

Back 112

part of one chromosome inserted into another

Front 113

Centric fusion/fission

Back 113

when the chromosome splits at the centromere

Front 114

Inversion

Back 114

where a pierce of the DNA is inverted (1234-->1324)

Front 115

Aneuploidy

Back 115

one more, one less (down syndrome = one more)

Front 116

Polyploidy

Back 116

duplication of entrie chromosome set

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Transcription

Back 117

DNA to RNA; produces mRNA; protein building instructions

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Translation

Back 118

RNA to proteins

Front 119

rRNA

Back 119

ribosomal RNA, major component of ribosomes; where protein synthesis occurs

Front 120

tRNA

Back 120

transfer RNA, molecules that deliver amino acides to ribosomes

Front 121

Eukaryotes DNA (organization)

Back 121

bound with many proteins (histone proteins); form of a coil due to histone interactions

Front 122

DNA Replication

Back 122

enzymes unwinde DNA, weak H bonds broken; each strand serves as template for construction of complementary straing (DNA polymerase)

Front 123

Codons

Back 123

"code words" in translation of mRNA; set of 3 nucleotide bases

Front 124

tRNA

Back 124

transfer RNA, carry an amino acide, and have an anticodon (which compliments the codon for that amino acide

Front 125

Mutations

Back 125

mistakes in DNA replication

Front 126

Recombinant DNA

Back 126

genetic engineering

Front 127

Plasmids

Back 127

circular molecule of "extra" DNA in a bacterium; "sex" exchanging plasmids viral DNA

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Restriction enzymes

Back 128

Present in baceria, used it cut up viral DNA, cut at particular points (GAATTC<--cut btwn AA); a virus defense