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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name for carbon-based molecules?
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organic compounds
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hydrocarbons
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molecules formed with only hydrogens and carbons
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An unbranched four carbon molecule is called ____, while a branched four carbon molecule is called ____.
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butane, isobutane
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isomers
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compounds with the same formula but different structures
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Are hydrocarbons polar or nonpolar? Why?
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nonpolar- only C-H bonds
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hydrophilic molecules
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polar molecules that are soluble in water
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hydroxyl group
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-OH
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carbonyl group (aldehyde; ketone)
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\
C=O / |
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carboxyl group (carboxylic acid; ionized)
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. OH
. / -C=O carboxylic acid . O(-) . / -C=O ionized |
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amino group (amine; ionized)
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. H
. / -N amine . \ . H . H . / -N(+)-H ionized . \ . H |
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phosphate group (adenosine)
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-OPO3(2-)
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methyl group
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-CH3
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What are the four main classes of large biological molecules? What are they called?
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids- macromolecules
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polymer
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a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together
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monomer
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a chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer
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nucleotides
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the building blocks of nucleic acids
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nucleic acid
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a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins; two types (DNA/RNA)
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dehydration reaction
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a covalent bonding of molecules with the removal of a water molecule
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hydrolysis
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a process in which polymers are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers (opposite of dehydration)
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Explain the process of hydrolysis on a chemical structure level.
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an -OH molecule is added to one monomer and an H+ to the other, separating the polymer
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enzymes
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specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
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carbohydrate
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sugar molecule
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monosaccharide
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carbohydrate monomer
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polysaccharide
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carbohydrate polymer
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formula for glucose
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C6H12O6
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disaccharide
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two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction
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____ + ____ = sucrose
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glucose; fructose
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____ + ____ = maltose
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glucose; glucose
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starch
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a helix-shaped storage polysaccharide that is formed from glucose monomers
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glycogen
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stored excess sugar in the form of a glucose polysaccharide
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cellulose
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a glucose polymer found in plant cell walls
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chitin
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a glucose polymer used by insects to form exoskeletons and by fungi to form cell walls
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True/False: carbohydrates are hydrophilic.
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true
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lipids
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an insoluble organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic; includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids
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____ + ____ = fat
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glycerol; fatty acids
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What is the primary function of fat?
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energy storage
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phospholipids
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a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving to molecule a nonpolar hydrophilic tail and a polar hydrophobic head
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hydrophobic molecules
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non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water
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steroids
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lipids formed by four fused carbon rings
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anabolic steroids
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synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone
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protein
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a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers
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peptide bond
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the linking of amino acids in a dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the next as a water molecule is removed
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denaturation
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the unraveling of polypeptide chains (proteins)
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primary structure of a protein
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the protein's unique sequence of amino acids
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secondary structure of a protein
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local coiling/folding patterns of the structure
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A coiled secondary structure is called a ____, while a folded one is called a ____.
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alpha helix; pleated sheet
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tertiary structure of a protein
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the 3D shape of a polypeptide
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What are the two ways to describe a protein's tertiary structure?
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globular; fibrous
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quaternary structure of a protein
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the association of subunits (different polypeptide chains) within a protein
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gene
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the determining of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
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What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
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adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G)
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What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?
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adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), guanine (G)
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