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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is your metabolic mate? |
Speed you use energy your energy in chemical reactions |
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What happens to your metabolic rate when you exercise? |
Increases |
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What affects your metabolic rate? |
The amount of fat/muscle The size of the person The gender of the person? |
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What can an unbalanced diet cause? |
Obesity and Malnutrition |
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Too much saturated fat causes... |
Increase in blood cholesterol levels |
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Too much salt leads to.. |
High blood pressure and heart problems |
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Obesity leads to... |
Arthritis Type 2 diabetes High blood pressure |
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Malnutrition can cause... |
Slow growth Fatigue Poor resistance to disease Scurvy |
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Exercise ... the amount of energy stored? |
Decreases |
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Underachieve thyroid gland does what, and how could you get it? |
Causes low metabolic rate and can be inherited |
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What do you need for a balanced diet? |
Carbohydrates for energy Fats of energy Protein for growth and repair Fibre for the digestive system Vitamins and ions |
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What does the body use to stop pathogens from entering the body? |
Skin, hair, mucus and platelets that clot cuts |
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Give the two types of pathogens? |
Viruses and bacteria |
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What is the difference between bacteria and viruses |
Viruses are not cells and are 100x smaller than bacteria |
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How does viruses cause illness |
Viruses go into cells, they replicate inside them, they then burst out releasing all the new viruses. |
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How can white blood cells stop pathogens |
They can consume them, they can create antitoxins to cancel out any toxins and they can produce antibodies |
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What are antibodies |
Antibodies are things that attaches the the antigens on bacteria. Each bacteria has different antigens so different antibodies are needed for each bacteria |
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How does vaccination work |
Dead or weak pathogens injected, which causes white blood cells to find and produce the specific antibody. The body now has the capability to stop this pathogens so it is immune. |
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What are the cons of vaccinations |
Doesn't always work and can cause a bad reaction |
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What does a painkiller do and not do? |
Reduces symptoms but doesn't get rid of pathogens |
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What does antibiotics do? |
Kills bacteria, but not viruses, and there is specific anti-biotics for specific bacteria |
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What causes resistance in pathogens |
Mutations |
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How does bacteria come resistant? |
Mutated bacteria mixed with non mutated. When antibiotics is used, non mutated die leaving just mutated. The mutated is resistant and replicate |
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Give an example of a resistant disease? |
MSSR |
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How can you prevent resistance in bacteria? |
Get doctors to not prescribe drugs unnecessarily |
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What did Semmelweis do? |
Worked in hospital in Vienna. Lots of women died in childbirth, got doctors and nurses to wash hands before helping women give birth and cut deaths |
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What do sense organs do? |
Detect stimuli |
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How does neurons transmit information? |
As electoral impulses |
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What does CNS stand for |
Central Nervous System |
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What's a reflex |
Automatic response to stimuli |
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What is a synapse? |
A connection between two nuerons where chemicals diffuse across the gap |
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Describe the reflex arc
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Stimulus is detected by receptor. Impulse travels along sensory neuron. Then across the relay neuron then into the motor neuron. It is then passed to the effector |
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What is a hormone? |
Chemicals in the blood that activate target cells |
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What's the difference between nerves and hormones? |
A nerve is faster, acts for a shorter amount of time on a precise area. A hormone is slower, acts for a long time on a more general area |
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Describe the menstrual cycle |
Stage 1: Uterus lining breaks down (Around 4 days) Stage 2: Lining of uterus builds up (day 4-14) Stage 3: Egg is released (day 14) Stage 4: Wall is maintained (day 14-28) Then repeated |
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What does FSH do and where is it created? |
It stimulates production of Oestrogen and causes the egg to mature in ovaries. Produced in the pituitary gland. |
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What does Oestrogen do and where is it created? |
Causes production of LH and stops production of FSH. It is also produced in the ovaries. |
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What does LH do and where is it created? |
Stimulates release of egg and is produced in the pituitary gland |
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How could you increase fertility |
Use FSH and LH to stimulate egg release and use IVF |
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What is IVF |
When egg and sperm is combined in a lab |
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How can you prevent fertility? |
The pill, contains oestrogen which stops production of FSH and progesterone which creates a mucus that stops sperm from reaching the egg |
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What hormone is in plants and what does it do? |
Auxin and controls growth of roots and shoots |
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How is plant hormones used in industry? |
Weed killers and rooting powder |
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What is homeostasis? |
Keeping a constant internal environment |
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How is ion levels controlled |
Ions taken in by eating Kidney removes excess ions from blood and puts it in urine |
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How is water lost in the body? |
Sweat, breath urine |
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How do you control your level of sugar |
Insulin maintains right level of glucose? |
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What is the optimum temperature for a human? |
37 degrees centigrade |
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What is a drug? |
A chemical that changes the body's chemistry |
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What are the three types of drugs? |
Recreational, Medicinal and Performance enhancing |
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What are the for and against arguments for performance enhancing drugs? |
For: Drug free sport isn't fair anyway. Its the athletes own decision Against: Unfair advantage and can cause serious health problems |
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How do you test drugs? |
1.Tested on human tissue 2.Tested on Live animals 3. Human volunteers with placebo |
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Give an example when testing was not done properly |
Thalidomide. Was a sleeping pill, found to cure morning sickness although it hadn't been tested for that. It affected fetes by causing abnormal limb development which affected 10,000 babies. The drug was banned |
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Why may someone use recreational drugs? |
Stress relief, relaxation and enjoyment |
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Explain how to make a pyramid of biomass? |
Producer on bottom and primary consumer on top. Each layer shows "weight" of organisms in that layer |
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How does energy enter the food chain? |
Green plants and algae photosynthesis to create energy from the sun |
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How is energy lost in the food chain? |
Heat, movement, respiration and in waste material |
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What is decay? |
The breaking down of materials by micro-organisms |
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What shows us how carbon is recycled? |
Carbon cycle |
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How is carbon put into the atmosphere during the carbon cycle? |
Respiration from the plants, animals and micro-organisms and burning of fossil fuels and products made from plants and animals |
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How does an animal adapt to protect against predators? |
Armour, poisons and warning colours |
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What is competition for? |
Resources |
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What causes environmental change? |
Change in number of predators or food source. Change in temperature, rainfall and pollution levels? |
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More food available means... |
increase in population |
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A change in locations causes... |
distribution change |
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What are some non living indicators to environmental change? |
Satellites and weather stations |
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An indicator species is ... |
An organism sensitive to change |
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What is lichen sensitive to? |
Air pollution, the cleaner the air the higher level of lichen. |
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What is variation? |
differences in a species |
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How many pairs of chromosomes in a human body? |
23 |
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What contains the genetic material |
Nucleus |
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What do genes control |
Characteristics |
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A gene is a long length of ... |
DNA |
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Different versions of the same genes are called? |
Alleles |
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Asexual reproduction is ... |
Where one parent replicates. There is no fusion of games so no variation in daughter cells |
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Sexual reproduction ... |
Is where a gamete from each parent combine, each gamete has half the chromosomes. When the gametes fuse it creates a full set |
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To clone a plant you can |
Use tissue culture, getting a few plant cells to grow using a hormone, or by planting a cutting |
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What is embryo transplant? |
Gametes from parents combined, allowed to clone. Before they specialise they are implanted in wombs |
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What is adult cell cloning? |
Egg cell, without nucleus, and adult body cell, only nucleus, is combined under a electric shock then implanted in surrogate mother. |
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What is an issue with cloning? |
Reduced gene pool, clones not as healthy, less resistance to diseases and age released disorders. |
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What is genetic engineering |
Where enzymes are used to cut and paste genes into different organisms |
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Gene transfer is used to... |
Develop properties to treat disease and the create GM crops |
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What is evolution? |
Change in organisms over time |
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Who proposed natural selection? |
Darwin |
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what is natural selection? |
Variation in population due to differences in genes. Those with better adapted characteristics more likely to survive and breed, so genes are passed on to next generation. |
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What is a mutation?
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A change in a organisms DNA |
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Why was Darwin's theory rejected? |
Wasn't enough evidence, religious beliefs and no research on genes where done |
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Who proposed the rival theory and what was it? |
Lamarck. If a characteristic was used a lot it would become more developed |
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Why was Lamarck's theory disproved? |
Lab experiments didn't support it. |