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89 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

What is your metabolic mate?

Speed you use energy your energy in chemical reactions

What happens to your metabolic rate when you exercise?

Increases

What affects your metabolic rate?

The amount of fat/muscle


The size of the person


The gender of the person?

What can an unbalanced diet cause?

Obesity and Malnutrition

Too much saturated fat causes...

Increase in blood cholesterol levels

Too much salt leads to..

High blood pressure and heart problems

Obesity leads to...

Arthritis


Type 2 diabetes


High blood pressure

Malnutrition can cause...

Slow growth


Fatigue


Poor resistance to disease


Scurvy

Exercise ... the amount of energy stored?

Decreases

Underachieve thyroid gland does what, and how could you get it?

Causes low metabolic rate and can be inherited

What do you need for a balanced diet?

Carbohydrates for energy


Fats of energy


Protein for growth and repair


Fibre for the digestive system


Vitamins and ions

What does the body use to stop pathogens from entering the body?

Skin, hair, mucus and platelets that clot cuts

Give the two types of pathogens?

Viruses and bacteria

What is the difference between bacteria and viruses

Viruses are not cells and are 100x smaller than bacteria

How does viruses cause illness

Viruses go into cells, they replicate inside them, they then burst out releasing all the new viruses.

How can white blood cells stop pathogens

They can consume them, they can create antitoxins to cancel out any toxins and they can produce antibodies

What are antibodies

Antibodies are things that attaches the the antigens on bacteria. Each bacteria has different antigens so different antibodies are needed for each bacteria



How does vaccination work

Dead or weak pathogens injected, which causes white blood cells to find and produce the specific antibody. The body now has the capability to stop this pathogens so it is immune.

What are the cons of vaccinations

Doesn't always work and can cause a bad reaction

What does a painkiller do and not do?

Reduces symptoms but doesn't get rid of pathogens

What does antibiotics do?

Kills bacteria, but not viruses, and there is specific anti-biotics for specific bacteria

What causes resistance in pathogens

Mutations

How does bacteria come resistant?

Mutated bacteria mixed with non mutated. When antibiotics is used, non mutated die leaving just mutated. The mutated is resistant and replicate

Give an example of a resistant disease?

MSSR

How can you prevent resistance in bacteria?

Get doctors to not prescribe drugs unnecessarily

What did Semmelweis do?

Worked in hospital in Vienna. Lots of women died in childbirth, got doctors and nurses to wash hands before helping women give birth and cut deaths

What do sense organs do?

Detect stimuli

How does neurons transmit information?

As electoral impulses

What does CNS stand for

Central Nervous System

What's a reflex

Automatic response to stimuli

What is a synapse?

A connection between two nuerons where chemicals diffuse across the gap

Describe the reflex arc

Stimulus is detected by receptor. Impulse travels along sensory neuron. Then across the relay neuron then into the motor neuron. It is then passed to the effector

What is a hormone?

Chemicals in the blood that activate target cells

What's the difference between nerves and hormones?

A nerve is faster, acts for a shorter amount of time on a precise area. A hormone is slower, acts for a long time on a more general area

Describe the menstrual cycle

Stage 1: Uterus lining breaks down (Around 4 days)


Stage 2: Lining of uterus builds up (day 4-14)


Stage 3: Egg is released (day 14)


Stage 4: Wall is maintained (day 14-28)


Then repeated

What does FSH do and where is it created?

It stimulates production of Oestrogen and causes the egg to mature in ovaries. Produced in the pituitary gland.

What does Oestrogen do and where is it created?

Causes production of LH and stops production of FSH. It is also produced in the ovaries.

What does LH do and where is it created?

Stimulates release of egg and is produced in the pituitary gland

How could you increase fertility

Use FSH and LH to stimulate egg release and use IVF

What is IVF

When egg and sperm is combined in a lab

How can you prevent fertility?

The pill, contains oestrogen which stops production of FSH and progesterone which creates a mucus that stops sperm from reaching the egg

What hormone is in plants and what does it do?

Auxin and controls growth of roots and shoots

How is plant hormones used in industry?

Weed killers and rooting powder

What is homeostasis?

Keeping a constant internal environment

How is ion levels controlled

Ions taken in by eating


Kidney removes excess ions from blood and puts it in urine

How is water lost in the body?

Sweat, breath urine

How do you control your level of sugar

Insulin maintains right level of glucose?

What is the optimum temperature for a human?

37 degrees centigrade

What is a drug?

A chemical that changes the body's chemistry

What are the three types of drugs?

Recreational, Medicinal and Performance enhancing

What are the for and against arguments for performance enhancing drugs?

For: Drug free sport isn't fair anyway. Its the athletes own decision


Against: Unfair advantage and can cause serious health problems

How do you test drugs?

1.Tested on human tissue


2.Tested on Live animals


3. Human volunteers with placebo

Give an example when testing was not done properly

Thalidomide. Was a sleeping pill, found to cure morning sickness although it hadn't been tested for that. It affected fetes by causing abnormal limb development which affected 10,000 babies. The drug was banned

Why may someone use recreational drugs?

Stress relief, relaxation and enjoyment

Explain how to make a pyramid of biomass?

Producer on bottom and primary consumer on top. Each layer shows "weight" of organisms in that layer



How does energy enter the food chain?

Green plants and algae photosynthesis to create energy from the sun

How is energy lost in the food chain?

Heat, movement, respiration and in waste material

What is decay?

The breaking down of materials by micro-organisms

What shows us how carbon is recycled?

Carbon cycle

How is carbon put into the atmosphere during the carbon cycle?

Respiration from the plants, animals and micro-organisms and burning of fossil fuels and products made from plants and animals

How does an animal adapt to protect against predators?

Armour, poisons and warning colours

What is competition for?

Resources

What causes environmental change?

Change in number of predators or food source. Change in temperature, rainfall and pollution levels?

More food available means...

increase in population

A change in locations causes...

distribution change

What are some non living indicators to environmental change?

Satellites and weather stations

An indicator species is ...

An organism sensitive to change

What is lichen sensitive to?

Air pollution, the cleaner the air the higher level of lichen.

What is variation?

differences in a species

How many pairs of chromosomes in a human body?

23

What contains the genetic material

Nucleus

What do genes control

Characteristics

A gene is a long length of ...

DNA

Different versions of the same genes are called?

Alleles

Asexual reproduction is ...

Where one parent replicates. There is no fusion of games so no variation in daughter cells

Sexual reproduction ...

Is where a gamete from each parent combine, each gamete has half the chromosomes. When the gametes fuse it creates a full set

To clone a plant you can

Use tissue culture, getting a few plant cells to grow using a hormone, or by planting a cutting

What is embryo transplant?

Gametes from parents combined, allowed to clone. Before they specialise they are implanted in wombs

What is adult cell cloning?

Egg cell, without nucleus, and adult body cell, only nucleus, is combined under a electric shock then implanted in surrogate mother.

What is an issue with cloning?

Reduced gene pool, clones not as healthy, less resistance to diseases and age released disorders.

What is genetic engineering

Where enzymes are used to cut and paste genes into different organisms

Gene transfer is used to...

Develop properties to treat disease and the create GM crops

What is evolution?

Change in organisms over time

Who proposed natural selection?

Darwin

what is natural selection?

Variation in population due to differences in genes. Those with better adapted characteristics more likely to survive and breed, so genes are passed on to next generation.

What is a mutation?

A change in a organisms DNA

Why was Darwin's theory rejected?

Wasn't enough evidence, religious beliefs and no research on genes where done

Who proposed the rival theory and what was it?

Lamarck. If a characteristic was used a lot it would become more developed

Why was Lamarck's theory disproved?

Lab experiments didn't support it.