Biology_Trimester 2 Exam [ Vocab ]

Front 1

Autotroph

Back 1

Organism that can capture energy and use it to produce its own food.

Front 2

Heterotroph

Back 2

Organism that obtains energy from the foods it eats. Also known as a consumer

Front 3

ATP

Back 3

Chemical living things use to store and release energy.

Front 4

Photosynthesis

Back 4

process in which plants and some other organisms use light and energy to convert water & carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

Front 5

Pigment

Back 5

Light-absorbing molecule

Front 6

Chlorophyll

Back 6

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organism; captures light energy.

Front 7

Thylakoid

Back 7

sack like photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts.

Front 8

Stroma

Back 8

region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts.

Front 9

Light Dependent Reactions

Back 9

reactions of photsynthesis that uses energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Front 10

Calvin Cycle

Back 10

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as energy.

Front 11

Chloroplast

Back 11

Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.

Front 12

Calorie

Back 12

Terms used by scientists to measure the energy stored in foods.

Front 13

Glycolysis

Back 13

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

Front 14

Cellular respiration

Back 14

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Front 15

NAD+

Back 15

electron carrier involved in glycolysis.

Front 16

Fermentation

Back 16

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Front 17

Anaerobic

Back 17

process that doesn't require oxygen.

Front 18

Aerobic

Back 18

process that requires oxygen

Front 19

Krebs cycle

Back 19

Seconds stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

Front 20

Electron Transport Chain

Back 20

A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

Front 21

Cell Division

Back 21

process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells.

Front 22

Mitosis

Back 22

part of eukaryotic cells division during which the cell nucleus divides.

Front 23

Cytokinesis

Back 23

The divisions of cytoplasm during the cell division.

Front 24

Chromatid

Back 24

one of 2 identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Front 25

Centromere

Back 25

area of 2 identical "sister" parts of duplicated chromosome.

Front 26

Interphase

Back 26

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions.

Front 27

Cell cycle

Back 27

Series of events that cells go through as they grow & divide.

Front 28

Prophase

Back 28

first & longest phases of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible, centrioles separate & take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus.

Front 29

Centriole

Back 29

One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nucleus envelope.

Front 30

Spindel

Back 30

Fanlike microtubule structure that helps seperate the chromosomes (P.247)

Front 31

Metaphase

Back 31

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

Front 32

Anaphase

Back 32

The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate & move toward opposite poles. (P. 248)

Front 33

Telophase

Back 33

Fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material (p.248)

Front 34

Cyclin

Back 34

one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. (P. 251)

Front 35

Cancer

Back 35

disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth.

Front 36

Genetics

Back 36

scientific study of heredity (p. 263)

Front 37

Fertilization

Back 37

process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell (p. 263)

Front 38

True-Breeding

Back 38

Term used to describe organism that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate (pg. 263)

Front 39

Trait

Back 39

Specific characteristics that varies from one individual to another.

Front 40

Hybrid

Back 40

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits - Pg. 264

Front 41

Gene

Back 41

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait (p. 265, 300)

Front 42

Allele

Back 42

One of a number of different forms of a gene. (p. 265)

Front 43

Gamete

Back 43

specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction (p. 266)

Front 44

Segregation

Back 44

separation of alleles during gamete formation (pg. 266)

Front 45

Probability

Back 45

likely hood that a particular even will occur (p. 267)

Front 46

Punnett Square

Back 46

Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross

Front 47

Homozygous

Back 47

Term used to refer to an organism that has 2 identical allels for a particular trait

Front 48

Heterozygous

Back 48

Term used to refer to an organism that has 2 different alleles for the same trait

Front 49

Phenotype

Back 49

physical characteristics of an organism

Front 50

Genotype

Back 50

genetic makeup of an organism

Front 51

independent assortment

Back 51

independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

Front 52

Incomplete dominance

Back 52

situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

Front 53

codominance

Back 53

situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of an organism

Front 54

multiple alleles

Back 54

three or more alleles of the same gene

Front 55

Polygenic traits

Back 55

trait controlled by 2 or more genes.

Front 56

Homologous

Back 56

term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosomes from the opposite-sex parent

Front 57

diploid

Back 57

term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

Front 58

Haploid

Back 58

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes

Front 59

meiosis

Back 59

process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cells

Front 60

tetrad

Back 60

structure containing 4 chromatids that form during meiosis

Front 61

crossing-over

Back 61

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.