Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cell Theory
|
Smallest unit of life
All living things consist of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells by division |
|
|
Characteristics of Life
|
1.Have cells
2.Have genetic material (DNA or RNA) 3.Metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) 4.Reproduce 5.Grow 6.Maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Functions of Life
|
Nutrition
Metabolism Growth Sensitivity Homeostasis Reproduction |
|
|
Relative sizes
|
SI Units: metres (m), millimetres (mm), micrometres (µm), nanometres (nm)
*1,000 times smaller |
|
|
Examples of Sizes
|
DNA molecule in human chromosome - 2nm
Cell membrane - 10nm Virus (large) - 100 nm Prokaryotic cells - 1 – 10µm Animal cells - 10 - 30 µm Plant cells - 10 - 100 µm |
|
|
Metabolism
|
organic processes necessary for life
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
metabolic equilibrium
|
|
|
Field of view
|
area w/in circle of light
|
|
|
Object Magnification
|
number indicates how much the microscope magnified in comparison
|
|
|
Surface area to Volume Ratio
|
Rate of metabolic reactions proportional to cell volume
Substances must be absorbed, waste products removed through plasma membrane Too small -substances not enter quickly as req’d, waste prots accumulate -overheat – heats faster than cools |
|
|
Multicellular organisms
|
organisms with more than one cell and having specialized cells for different functions
|
|
|
Differentiation (definition)
|
development of cells in different ways to perform functions
|
|
|
Differentiation (explanation)
|
Genes expressed; information used to make protein/gene product
i.e. olfactory receptor cells: each cell express one of genes – one type of receptor to detect one type of odorant |
|
|
Stem Cells
|
cells that have the capacity to self-renew by cell division and differentiate
Regenerate and repair for bone marrow, skin, liver Limited repair for brain, kidney, heart |
|
|
Therapeutic uses of stem cells
|
Juvenile-onset diabetes – embryonic stem cells to insulin-secreting cells
Bone marrow transplants – hematopoietic stem cells (HS cells) -Divide continuously to produce red and white cells -Treat blood disorders (acute leukemia, SCID, lymphoma, multiple myeloma) |
|
|
Therapeutic uses of stem cells, lymphoma treatment
|
1. Cells removed from bone marrow
2. Chemotherapy drugs to kill cancer and normal cells in bone marrow . HS cells transplanted back to healthy production of blood cells |
|
|
Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Cell Wall
|
-Protective outer layer
-Peptidoglycan -Prevents damage, bursting, maintains shape |
|
|
Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Plasma membrane
|
Partially permeable
Controls entry and exit of substances, active transport Produces ATP by ACR |
|
|
Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Mesosome
|
Increases area of membrane for ATP production
|
|
|
Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Cytoplasm
|
Fluid; water with substances, enzymes, ribosomes
Catalyze metabolic reactions |
|
|
Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Ribosomes
|
Small granular structres (70S)
Synthesize proteins (translate mRNA) |
|
|
Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Naked DNA
|
1 molecule of DNA
Stores genetic information, passed to daughter cells |
|
|
Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Nucleoid
|
Region of cytoplasm containing genetic material
|
|
|
Prokaryotic cells
|
Unicellular organism without nuclei
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Nucleus (Form)
|
Large, centrally located
Enclosed by nuclear envelope with pores Contains chromosomes (46 in a cell) Contains DNA and RNA Where DNA replicated and transcribed -where mRNA modified |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Chromatin
|
Threadlike network in nucleus
Made up of DNA and proteins Indistinct in non-dividing cell Named b/c take up appropriate stains (coloured) |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Chromosomes
|
Rod-like structures of DNA and proteins
Condensed chromatin Makes up genetic code |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Nucleus (Function)
|
Control center
Oversees metabolic functioning Protein synthesis Cellular respiration Transcription and replication |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Nucleolus (Form)
|
1 or more present in nucleus
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Nucleolus (Function)
|
Produces rRNA for ribosome formation
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Membranous Canals and Vacuoles
|
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Form)
|
Series of channels connected to nuclear envelope, branches to cytoplasm
Ribosomes present |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Function)
|
Serves as assembly line
Produces proteins for export Proteins from ER to Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Form)
|
Contains enzymes that synthesize lipids
No ribosomes attached |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Function)
|
Detoxification in liver cells
Lipid and steroid production |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Peroxisomes
|
Organelle, oxidation of molecules, metabolic reactions
Membrane bound vacuoles Attached to smooth ER |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Ribosomes(Form)
|
•Small dense granules
•Contain 2 subunits •Contain RNA and proteins •Attached to rough ER |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Ribosomes(Function)
|
Protein synthesis
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - rRNA
|
•Produced in nucleolus
•Protein synthesis |
|
|
Protein for export
|
1.Prepared at ribosomes
2.Stored in reticulum 3.Vesicles of reticulum bud off to Golgi apparatus 4. Repackaged for export |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Golgi Apparatus (Form)
|
•Curved cisternae (flattened membrane sacs)
•No ribosomes •Many vesicles |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Golgi Apparatus (Function)
|
•Processes proteins in rER vesicles
•Packaging and secretion into vesicles •Vesicles pinch off cisternae to plasma membrane for secretion |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Lysosome (Form)
|
Membrane covered vesicle
Formed from Golgi vesicles Contain digestive enzymes |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Lysosome (Function)
|
•Intracellular digestion
•Attach to food vacuoles, digest contents |
|
|
Autodigestion (lysosome function)
|
Disposal of damaged cell components
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Mitochondria (Form)
|
-Double membrane
-Inner: Cristae (shelf-like projections -increase surface area to carry out ACR efficiently •Fluid matrix (includes enzymes) |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Mitochondria (Function)
|
•Produces ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate) by ACR
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Plastids
|
•Only in plant cells
•Contain pigments - colour Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts, Chloroplasts |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Chromoplasts
|
•Contain pigments (orange/yellow) for fall
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Leucoplasts
|
Starch storage
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplasts (Form)
|
•Contain chlorophyll (chemical molecule, absorbs sun energy for photosynthesis)
Contain grana, thylakoids, stroma |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplasts (Form) of Grana & Thylakoids
|
internal layers of membranes in coin-like stacks; green pigment
Thylakoids: individual sacks of granum |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplasts (Form)of Stroma
|
Inner portion of chloroplast
Spaces between grana |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplast (Function)
|
Photosynthesis (prod'n of food molecules)
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Cytoskeleton (Form)
|
•Filamentous protein structures
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Cytoskeleton (Function)
|
•Maintains cell shape
•Anchors organelles |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microtrabecular lattice
|
Microfilaments & Microtubules
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microfilaments (Form)
|
•Long, thin, solid fibres of protein
•Bundles, groupings •Chemical composition: similar to actin/myosin (proteins for muscle contraction) |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microfilaments (Function)
|
Skeletal framework
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microtubules (Form)
|
•Larger than microfilaments
•Thin cylinder-shaped coiled protein •In cilia, flagella, centrioles |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microtubules (Function)
|
Locomotion organelles
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Centrioles (Form)
|
•Short cylinder shaped
•9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets •2 centrioles on either side of nucleus •Animal cells |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Centrioles (Function)
|
•Formation of spindle apparatus during cell division
•Gives rise to basal bodies |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplast (Function)
|
Photosynthesis (prod'n of food molecules)
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Cytoskeleton (Form)
|
•Filamentous protein structures
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Cytoskeleton (Function)
|
•Maintains cell shape
•Anchors organelles |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microtrabecular lattice
|
Microfilaments & Microtubules
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microfilaments (Form)
|
•Long, thin, solid fibres of protein
•Bundles, groupings •Chemical composition: similar to actin/myosin (proteins for muscle contraction) |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microfilaments (Function)
|
Skeletal framework
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microtubules (Form)
|
•Larger than microfilaments
•Thin cylinder-shaped coiled protein •In cilia, flagella, centrioles |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Microtubules (Function)
|
Locomotion organelles
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Centrioles (Form)
|
•Short cylinder shaped
•9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets •2 centrioles on either side of nucleus •Animal cells |
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells - Centrioles (Function)
|
•Formation of spindle apparatus during cell division
•Gives rise to basal bodies |
|
|
9+2 pattern (shaft)
|
9 microtubule doublets arranged in circle around 2 central microtubules
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Cilia (Form)
|
Short, hair-like projections out of cell wall
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Cilia (Function)
|
Cell locomotion
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Flagella(Form)
|
Long, whip-like tails protruding out of cell wall
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Flagella(Function)
|
Cell locomotion
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Basal Bodies (Form)
|
•Short cylinders
•Circular arrangement of 9 microtubule triplets (9 + 0 microtubule pattern) |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Basal Bodies (Function)
|
•Acts as anchor
•W/in cytoplasm, bases of cilia/flagella |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Vacuoles(Form)
|
•Large membrane covered sac
•Plant: filled w/ water •Animal: filled w/food, water, chemicals, metabolic wastes •Larger in plant cells |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Vacuoles(Function)
|
Allow rigidity of cell (plant)
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Vesicles (Form)
|
•Small vacuole
•Formed from Golgi apparatus •Pinch off of cell membrane |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Vesicles (Function)
|
•Transport substances within cytoplasm
•Move certain compounds separated from cytoplasm |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Cytoplasm(Form)
|
Gel-like substance b/w cell membrane and nuclear envelope
|
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Cytoplasm(Function)
|
•Holds organelles in place
•Maintains cell shape |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Cell Membrane
|
Semi permeable
Allows some substances to enter |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Cell Wall (Form)
|
•Plant cells, bacteria
•Cellulose (fibrous) •Primary cell wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall •Rigid but porous |
|
|
Eukaryotic cells - Cell Wall (Function)
|
Maintain rigidity
Protects cell |
|
|
Phospholipid structure
|
Two hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic)
Phosphate head (hydrophilic) |
|
|
Phospholipid bilayer
|
Basis of membranes of cells
Phospholipids mixed in water -> heads outwards, tails inwards Stable - many internolecular interaction (bonds btn heads and water, tails and tails) |
|
|
Functions of membrane proteins
|
Hormone hindig sites
Immobilized enzymes Cell adhesion Cell to cell communication Channels for passive transport Pumps for active transport |
|
|
Hormone binding sites
|
Hormone receptors
i.e. insulin receptor |
|
|
Immobilized enzymes
|
active site outside
i.e. small intestine |
|
|
Cell adhesion
|
tight junctions btn groups of cells in tissues, organs
|
|
|
Cell-to-cell communication
|
i.e. reeptors for neurotransmitters at synapses
|
|
|
Channels for passive transport
|
Allow hydrophilic particles to pass by facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
Pumps for active transport
|
ATP to move particles across membrane
|
