Biology Test Ii - Kingdom Monera

Front 1

Monera are... (unicellular or multicellular)

Back 1

Unicellular

Front 2

Monera have ____ genomes

Back 2

simple

Front 3

Genome of a monera (characteristics)

Back 3

A. Single circular chromosome
B. Found in the nucleoid region
C. Reproduce asexually by binary fission
D. Some bacteria form resistant cells
- endospores
- wall that surrounds the bacterial chromosome
- withstand harsh conditions

Front 4

Cell walls of Monera

Back 4

- differ from those found in plants, fungi and protista
- they maintain shape
- protects the cell
- prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment
- composed of peptidoglycan
- sugar polymers cross-linked by short peptides

Front 5

Gram positive bacteria (characteristics)

Back 5

- large amounts of peptidoglycan
- thick cell wall

Front 6

Gram negative bacteria (characteristics)

Back 6

- contains small amounts of peptidoglycan
- thin cell membrane
- additional outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides (toxic to humans)
- more pathogenic (ability to cause disease)

Front 7

Cell wall may be surrounded by... (monera)

Back 7

gelatinous capsule
- bacteria puts on a plastic layer (immune system cannot detect the bacteria)
- protects against host defenses

Front 8

Penicillin (usage)

Back 8

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesiss (cell wall)
- inhibit the cell wall
- bacteria will expand (blow up and die)

Front 9

Some monera move using... (locomotion)

Back 9

flagella

Front 10

Nutrition of Monera

Back 10

Energy and Carbon sources

Front 11

Photoautotrophs (define)

Back 11

- Light as energy source
- Photosynthetic

CO2 + H2O + Light -> C6H12O6 (sugar) + O2

e.g. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Front 12

Cyanobacteria changed the world by... (function)

Back 12

releasing O2 -> by product of photosynthesis

Front 13

Chemoautotrophs (define)

Back 13

energy: oxidation of inorganic compounds (H2S, NH3, and FE 2+)

Front 14

Photoheterotrophs (define)

Back 14

- Use light to generate ATP
- Carbon in organic form

Front 15

Chemoheterotrophs (define)

Back 15

- Must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon

Front 16

Saprobes (define)

Back 16

- decomposers
- absorb nutrients from dead organisms
e.g. worms

Front 17

Mutualistic (define)

Back 17

Host + symbiont both benefit (E. Coli)

Front 18

Parasitic (define)

Back 18

Symbiont benefits, Host harmed (tapeworm)

Front 19

Commensalism (define)

Back 19

symbiont benefits, host not harmed (barnacle on a whale)

Front 20

Obligate aerobes (define)

Back 20

require O2 for cellular respiration
e.g. humans

Front 21

Facultative anaerobes (define)

Back 21

grow in the presence of O2 or absence (fermentation)
e.g. yeast

Front 22

Obligate anaerobes (define)

Back 22

unable to grow in oxygen

Front 23

Ecological importance of Monera

Back 23

Recycling
- nitrogen metabolism (proteins and nucleic acids)
- Cycling of nitrogen through ecosystem
NH4 -> NO2-
NO2- and NO3- -> N2 Gas
Nitrogenfication N2 -> NH4

Front 24

Limitations of prokaryotic cells

Back 24

- number of metabolic activities is small
- small genome (small number of enzymes)