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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cells (define)
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The basic unit of living organisms
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In 1600:
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- Robert Hooke identified first cell
- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed single-celled organisms |
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In 1800:
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- Schleiden and Schwann,postulates that all living things consists of cells
- Virchow, new cells are formed by dividing pre-existing ones |
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Types of cells
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- Eukaryotic
- Prokaryotic |
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All cells are composed of:
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- a plasma (cell) membrane: phospholipid bilayer
- cytosol/cytoplasm - chromosomes - ribosomes (site of protein synthesis) |
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Eukaryotic cells (characteristics)
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- nucleus (bound by a phospholipid bilayer: nuclear enveloppe) Genetic material is stored
- contains membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm |
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What kingdoms contain eukaryotic cells?
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Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
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Prokaryotic cells (characteristics)
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- Lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- genetic material in nucleoid region |
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What kingdoms contain prokaryotic cells?
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Monera (bacteria)
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Organelles in Animal cells (name)
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Nucleus
Golgi Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome |
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Cell size (eukaryotic vs prokaryotic)
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Bacteria: 1.0 - 10.0 micrometers
Eukaryotic: 10.0 - 100.0 micrometers |
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Cell size is limited by:
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metabolic requirements
(surface area vs volume) |
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Internal membranes of organelles (characteristics)
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- phospholipid bilayer
- compartmentalize the functions of a eukaryotic cell (different local environments) - faciliatate specific metabolic functions - participate in metabolism |
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pH inside a cell
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7
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pH in Lysosome
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5 (faciliatates the function of the hydrolitic enzymes which function at low pH)
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Structure of bilayer
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- double layer of phospholipids, other lipids and proteins
- each type of membrane has a unique combination of lipids and proteins |
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Components of cells
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1. Nucleus
2. Ribosomes 3. Endomembrane system |
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Nucleus (define)
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- membrane bound organelle
- contains most of the genes - directs protein synthesis (synthesizes RNA, mRNA) |
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Nuclear membrane (define)
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double lipid bilayer
- contains pores (fusion of the two bilayers, large molecules pass through) - nuclear side (network of proteins, maintains shape) - DNA (associated with proteins, organized into chromatin) |
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Nucleolus (define)
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Ribosomal, rRNA
- structure involved in production of ribosomes |
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Ribosomes (define)
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- site of protein synthesis
- comprised of rRNA and protein - composed of 2 subunits - 2 types (free vs bound) |
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Free ribosomes
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- found in cytoplasm
- produces proteins that function in the cytoplasm |
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Bound ribosomes
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- attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
- produces proteins destined - for membranes (integrin) - for secretion (insulin) |
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Exocytosis
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process by which secreted proteins leave the cell
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Endomembrane system (structures)
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- Nuclear enveloppe
- Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Lysosomes - Vacoles - Plasma membranes |
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Subcellular membranes are interrelated:
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- directly through physical contact
- indirectly through vesicles (membrane-enclosed sacs) |
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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Endoplasmic = within cytoplasm
Reticulum = network - extensive membrane network of tubules and sacs - continuous with the nuclear membrane |
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2 types of ER
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Smooth
vs Rough |
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Smooth ER (characterstic + function)
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- lacks ribosomes
function: - synthesizes lipids - participates in carbohydrate metabolism - in liver: drug and poison detoxification - in muscle: stores calcium ions |
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Rough ER (characteristic + function)
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- ribosomes attached
function: - protein synthesis (secreted and membrane bound) - membrane production |
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Transport of proteins from ER to Golgi
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proteins depart from the ER in transport vesicles
- pinched from the ER - fuses with Golgi apparatus |
