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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology unifies much of natural science |
The study of biological systems is interdisciplinary because solutions require many different approaches to solve a problem |
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Life defies simple definition |
Although life is to difficult to define living systems have seven characteristics in common. They are composed of one or more cells. Are complex and highly ordered can respond to stimuli. Can grow. Reproduce. And transmit genetic information to their offspring. need energy to accomplish work. Can maintain relatively constant internal conditions (homeostasis) and are capable of evolutionary adaption to their environment |
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Living systems show hierarchical organization |
The hierarchical organization of living systems progresses from atoms to the biosphere. At each higher level, emergent properties arise that are greater than the sum of the parts |
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Much of science is descriptive |
Science is concerned with developing an increasingly accurate description of nature through observation and expierimentataion |
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Science uses both deductive and inductive reasoning |
Deductive reasoning applies general principals to predict specific results. Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to construct general scientific principals |
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Hypothesis drive science makes and test predictions |
A hypothesis is constructed based on observations and it must generate experimentally testable predictions. Experiments involve a test in which a variable is manipulated. Hypothesis are rejected if their predictions cannot be verified by observation or experiment |
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Reductionism breaks larger systems into their component parts |
Reductionism attempts to understand a complex system by breaking it down into its component parts. It is limited because parts may act differently when isolated from the larger system |
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The science of life |
Biology unifies much of natural science Life defies simple definition Living systems are the most complex chemical systems on earth Life is constrained by the properties of chemistry and physics |
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Science is becoming more interdisciplinary |
Combining multiple facts |
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7 characteristics of all living organisms |
Cellular organization Ordered complexity Sensitivity Growth, development, and reproduction Energy utilization Homeostasis Evolutionary adaption |
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Hierarchical Organization |
Cellular, organismal, population |
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The Nature of Science |
Science aims to understand the natural world through observation and reasoning Science begins with observations, there for much of science is purley descriptive Classification of all life on Earth Human genome sequencing |
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Science uses both deductive and inductive reasoning |
Deductive and inductive |
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Scientists use a systematic approach to gain understanding of the natural world |
Observation, hypothesis formation, prediction, experimentation (further experiments) and conclusion |
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Philiosphical approaches to science |
Reduction: to break a complex, process down to it's simpler parts System biology: focus on emergent properties that can't be understood by looking at simpler parts Models in science: ways to organize thoughts, parts provided by reductionist approach, model shows how they fit together, suggest experiments to test the model |
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Nature of Scientific Theory |
Scientific theory: is an explanation, will interconnect concepts. Compare to general meaning of theory Extend basic research, peer review |
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Voyage of the HMS Beagle |
On the Beagle, Darwin saw that characteristics of similar species varied from place to place. Galapagos Finches 14 related species differ only slightly Descent with modification or evolution |
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Darwin studied Thomas Malthus An essay on the principal of population |
Populations of plants and animals increase geometrically Humans can only increase their food supply arithmetically Populations of species remain constant because death limits population numbers |
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Evidence supporting Darwin's theory has only grown |
Fossil record: transitional forms have been found at predicted positions in time. Earth's age: physicist of Darwin's time were wrong, Earth is very old 4.5 billion years old |
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Mechanism for hereditary |
Mendel's laws of inheritance were unknown to Darwin Comparative anatomy Vertebrae forelimbs all share the same basic array of bones Homologous- same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function Anaologus- structure of different origin used for the same purpose |
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Molecular Evidence |
Compare genomes or proteins of different organisms Phylogentic trees Based on tracing origin of particular nucleotide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history |
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Unifying themes in biology |
Cell theory All organisms composed of cells Cells are life's basic units All cells come from preexisting cells |
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Molecular basis of inheritance |
Decoy ribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell's information Gene- discrete unit of information Genome- entire set of DNA instructions Continuity of life depends on faithful copying of DNA into daughter cells |
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Structure and function |
Study structure to learn function Know a function look for that structure in other organisms |
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Domains |
3 domains: eukaroytic. Archea. Bacteria. |
