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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neucleus
(Cell structure and function) |
Contains DNA and protein (chromosomes) including the genes which tell the cell what and how to do it. |
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Chromosomes
(Cell structure and function) |
DNA and protein of cell |
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Neucleic acids
(Cell structure and function) |
major group of organic compounds which are made up of sub-units called nucleotides.
fundamental in the storage and transmition of genetic information that controls the cells functions and interatctions
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Nucleotides
(Cell structure and function) |
Sub-units of neucleic acids |
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Cells
(Structure and function) |
Interior is made up of complex solution and heterogeneous colloid |
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Solution
(cell) |
homogeneous mixture of two or more components that cant be seen |
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Colloid
(cell) |
too small to be seen but large enough to not form a solution |
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Cell Wall
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Support (grow tall), protection, allows H2O, o2, and CO2 to diffuse in and out of the cell (diffusion)
Not animal cells |
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Support
(Cell Wall) |
Grow Tall |
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Diffusion
(Cell Wall) |
Diffuse in and out of cell |
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Cell Membrane
(Cell structure and function of cell organelle) |
support, protection, controls movement in and out of the cell, barrier between the cell and its environment, maintains homeostasis.
All cells |
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Homeostasis
(Cell Membrane/Cell structure and function of cell organelle) |
Constant internal enviroment |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Series of double layered membranes which provides surface area for enzymes to mix chemical reactions (moves material through cells as well as aids in making proteins). Can have a smooth layer without ribosomes. Connects to neuclear envelope and cell membrane. |
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Ribosomes
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Tiny granuals in the cytoplasm as free floaters or along the surface of the ER.
Synthesizes proteins. |
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Mitochondrion
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Breaks down sugar to release energy, site of aerobic cellular respiration.
Double membrane, outer smooth and inner folded. |
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Vacuole
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Largest organelle in plants, fluid filled sacs. Stores food, water, metabolic and toxic waste. Stores large amounts of food or sugar in plants. |
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Lysosome
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Single membrane, small round. breaks down larger to smaller food molecules. Digests old cell parts. Animals, common. |
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Chloroplast
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Uses the energy from the sun to make food (glucose) for the plant. Process called photosynthesis. Releases oxygen. Found only in plants and algae. Double membrane. Green oval containing green pigment (chlorophyll). |
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Glucose
(Chloroplast) |
Food |
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Photosynthesis
(Chloroplast) |
Energy from the sun to make food |
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Chlorophyll
(Chloroplast) |
Green pigment |
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Golgi Apparatus
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Looks like a stack of flattened oval bowl shaped membranes where membranes pass through. Changes proteins made by cells. Packages and exports proteins. |
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Cilia
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Found in animal cells. Used for movement of cells. Has a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules. Its short but numerous. |
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Flagellum
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Found in bacterial cells and protozones. Used for movement and has a 9-2 arrangement of microtubules. Long but few in number. |
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Centriolles
(Structure and function of cell organelle) |
Found in animal cells. Separates chromosome pairs during mitosis. |
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Mitosis
(Centriolles) |
Cell division of 2 daughter cells that have the same number and kind of chromosome. |
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Cytoskeleton
(Structure and function of cell membrane) |
Found in all cells. Strengthen cells and maintain their shape. Moves organelles within the cell. Made up of microtubules 7 microfilaments. |
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Properties of Cell Membranes |
Surrounds the cytoplasm at the cells surface Main building blocks: |
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Lipids
(Cell Membranes) |
Most abundant in the membrane, fat-soluble substance.
2 main lipids found are phospholipids and steroids. |
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Eukriotic Cells
(Compare with Prokaryotic cells) |
Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals. -have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane which has the chromosomes.
-contain mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and most other organelles.
-all contents of these cells are enclosed within a plasma membrane which is also enclosed in a cell wall.
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Prokaryotic Cells
(Compare with Eukriotic Cells) |
more primative and include bacteria and blue-green algae.
-do not have a nuclear membrane, instead have a nucleooid
- One chromosome
-chromosomes are comprised of nucleic acids (without proteins)
-contains no mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, or vacuoles.
have cells walls containing muramic acid
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Nucleooid
(Prokaryotic Cells) |
contains a single circular chromosome |
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Enzymes
(Enzyme-substrate complex) |
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions allowing for greater cellular activity in a shorter period of time. -highly selective, and will only activate with one substrate.
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Substrate
(Enzyme-substrate complex) |
Molecules with which the enzymes bond. Bonds to a small area which is the active site.
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Enzyme-substrate complex |
When the enzyme is bonded to the substrate.
-when complete, enzyme releases the product and is ready to bond with another substrate.
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Coenzymes
(Enzymes) |
-Transport groups between enzymes -directly involved and altered in the course of chemical reactions.
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Glycolysis
(Energy transformations) |
- First series of chemical reactions in cellular respiration.
-glucose is converted to pyruvic acid
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Respiration
(Energy transformations) |
Series of chemical reaction that frees the energy in fat, protein, and carbohydrate food molecules which makes it available to the cells.
- oxygen-requiring stage in these reactions.
- anerobic respiration-occurs without any oxygen
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Anaerobic pathways
(Energy transformations) |
Fermentation- many cells can obtain energy without oxygen.
It converts pyruvate into alcohol |
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Fermentation
(Anaerobic pathways) |
Many cells can obtain energy without oxygen. |
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Photosynthesis Process
(Enzymes) |
-takes place in the chloroplasts of green leaves and stems -food-making process of green plants by the light trapping pigment chlorophyll. -changing of light energy into chemical energy -made up of carbon dioxide and water -takes place inside chloroplasts (membranous structures within the cells of the leaf.)
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Chloroplasts
(Enzymes/Photosynthesis) |
Membranous structures within the cells of the leaf.
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Structure of Chromosomes
(Cell Division)
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Autosomes
(Structure of chromosomes) |
44 chromosomes |
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Sex chromosomes
(Structure of chromosomes) |
2 chromosomes |
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Somatic Cells
(Structure of chromosomes) |
46 chromosomes |
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Gametic Cells
(Structure of chromosomes) |
23 chromosomes |
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Genes
(Structure of chromosomes) |
Each chromosome contains many these that act as a blueprint or set of instructions for the cell. |
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Karyokinesis
(Structure of chromosomes) |
Eukaryotic cell division involves a series of steps that are distinct. |
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Mitosis
(Cell Division) |
Cell division in which the daughter cells are similar to the mother cell (neuclei have to have the same number and type of chromosomes.)
- Occurs in the formation of body cells. |
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Mitosis in Plants - Telophase
(Cell Division) |
Occurs in the meristems.
In Telophase, a cell plate separates the two new cells |
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Mitosis in Animals - Prophase
(Cell Division) |
Occurs in skin and bone marrow.
The centriols replicate and a pair migrates toward each pole.
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Mitosis in Animals - Telophase
(Cell division) |
Occurs in skin and bone marrow.
At the equator, the cytoplasm turns inward, pinching the old cell into two new ones. |
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Cytokinesis
(Cell division) |
The separation of the cytoplasm following nuclear division. |
