Biology Test #5 Chapter 30

Front 1

The ____ and _____ interact in movement.

Back 1

skeleton and muscles

Front 2

Antagonistic pairs of muscles have _____ actions and _____ muscles.

Back 2

reverse, relengthen

Front 3

Muscles are connected to bones by ______.

Back 3

tendons

Front 4

Muscles can only _____.

Back 4

contract

Front 5

cells with multiple nuclei made up of bundles of myofibrils

Back 5

muscle fibers

Front 6

Each muscle fiber is a single long, cylindrical cell that has many nuclei. Most of its volume is occupied by about a thousand ______.

Back 6

myofibrils

Front 7

Myofibrils contain thick _____ filaments that overlap with thin _____ filaments.

Back 7

myosin, actin

Front 8

the region between two dark, narrow lines, called Z lines, in the myofibril, Each myofibril consists of a long series of these.

Back 8

sarcomeres.

Front 9

the contractile unit - the fundamental unit of muscle action

Back 9

sarcomeres

Front 10

A muscle contracts when ____ filaments slide across ____ filaments.

Back 10

thin, thick

Front 11

_____ heads of the thick filaments bind ____ and extend to _____ energy states. _____ heads then _____ to binding sites on the ____ molecules and ____ the thin filaments toward the ____ of the _____. The ____ of a motor neuron forms _____ with a muscle at a ______ junction

Back 11

Myosin, ATP, high, Myosin, attach, actin, pull, center, sarcomere, axon, synapses, neuromuscular

Front 12

Motor neurons ____ muscle contraction

Back 12

stimulate

Front 13

______ is released form the synaptic terminal of a motor neuron

Back 13

Acetylcholine (motor neuron)

Front 14

Acetylcholine diffuses to the plasma membrane of the ______.

Back 14

muscle fiber

Front 15

An action potential in a muscle fiber passes along _____ into the center of ______.

Back 15

T tubules, muscle fiber

Front 16

Calcium ions are released from the _________. They initiate ____ contraction by moving _____ proteins away from the _____ binding sites.

Back 16

endoplasmic reticulum, muscle, regulatory, actin

Front 17

What are the two things that a motor unit consists of?

Back 17

A neuron AND the set of muscle fibers it controls

Front 18

When fine motor control is required, there are fewer ______ per motor unit.

Back 18

muscle cells

Front 19

Most of the ATP used to power muscles comes from ______?

Back 19

Aerobic respiration

Front 20

Aerobic respiration requires a steady supply of ____ and ____.

Back 20

glucose, oxygen

Front 21

Muscle growth equals the addition of _____ to the cells (also mitochondria and blood vessels)

Back 21

myofibrils

Front 22

In birds dark meat =

Back 22

myoglobin, fat, and capillaries for sustained exertion

Front 23

In birds white meat =

Back 23

less of myoglobin, fat, and capillaries for short bursts of energy

Front 24

Types of muscle fibers:

Back 24

Slow fibers, intermediate fibers, fast fibers.

Front 25

Most muscles are a combination of ______.

Back 25

fibers

Front 26

Muscle is broken down into

Back 26

muscle fibers, myofibrils which contain myosin and actin, sarcomere

Front 27

When a muscle contracts it doesn't change size, the ____ and ____ contract

Back 27

myofibrils and muscle fibers

Front 28

Contraction of a sarcomere requires ___ molecules.

Back 28

ATP

Front 29

Thick myosin have lots of _____ like projections all over that fiber. They form attachments to the thin _____ fibers, accomplished by moving the projections with the help of energy (____).

Back 29

club, actin, ATP

Front 30

______ send message to our sarcomeres to contract.

Back 30

Action potentials

Front 31

Each stroke of club like filaments on the myosin fragments requires _____.

Back 31

ATP

Front 32

Actin and myosin within sarcomere all ____ each other. Contraction _____ the 2 ends together --> _____ contraction of that unit

Back 32

overlay, slides, lengthwise

Front 33

Myosin bonds with ____ and ____. Calcium bonds to ______ and changes/rearranges the ____ so myosin can bond. This all happens within _____.

Back 33

ADP, Phosphate, protein complex, actin, sarcomere

Front 34

The contractile unit of muscle, the sarcomere. The Contraction shortens the _____ but _____ the length of myosin and actin.

Back 34

sarcomere, doesn't change

Front 35

_____ binds to protein complexes causing it to shift to show ___ binding sites.

Back 35

Calcium, myosin